- •Morphological stylistics
- •1.The first type of grammatical denotation reflects relations of objects in outside reality such as singularity and plurality.
- •2 The second type is expressed by such categories as modelity, voice, definiteness and indefiniteness.
- •1.The first deals with the t ransposition of a grammar form into a new syntactical distributi on with the effect of contrast.
- •2 The second type of transposition involves both- lexical and grammatical meanings
- •3Transposition of grammatical meanings that brings together incompatible forms - e.G. The use of a common noun as a proper one.
- •If you forget to invite somebidy’s aunt millie, I want to be able to say I had nothing to do with it.
- •I’m a marlow by birth, and we are a hot-blooded family.(follett).
- •The stylistic power of the pronoun
- •In this example the demonstrative pronouns do not point at anything but the excitement of the speaker.
- •It was robert ackley, this guy, that roomed right next to me. (salinger)
- •In the same book e. Hemingway calls a huge and strong fish as he.
- •The adjective and its stylistic functions
- •The commercial functional style makes a wide use of the violation of grammatical norms to captivate the reader’s attention:
- •The verb and its stylistic properties
- •If there’s a disputed decision, he said genially, they shall race again.(waugh)
- •Impatience, irritation:
- •I didn’t mean to hurt you.
- •I must say you’re disappointing me, my dear fellow.(berger)
- •I don’t want to look at sita. I sip my coffee as long as possible. Then I do look at her and see that all the colour has left her face, she is fearfully pale.(erdrich)
- •Affixation and expressiveness
In this example the demonstrative pronouns do not point at anything but the excitement of the speaker.
PRONOUNS ARE A POWERFUL MEANS TO CONVEY THE ATMOSPHERE OF INFORMAL OR FAMILIAR COMMUNICATION.
It was robert ackley, this guy, that roomed right next to me. (salinger)
PERSONAL PRONOUNS HE AND SHE AS SUSTAINED COMPOSITIONAL METAPHORS.
THROUGH THE FIGURATIVE USE OF THE PERSONAL PRONOUNS THE AUTHOR MAY ACHIEVE METAPHORICAL IMAGES AND EVEN CREATE SUSTAINED COMPOSITIONAL METAPHORS.
HE ALWAYS THOUGHT OF THE SEA AS “LA MAR” WHICH IS WHAT PEOPLE CALL HER IN SPANISH WHEN THEY LOVE HER. SOMETIMES THOSE WHO LOVE HER SAY BAD THINGS ABOUT HER BUT THEY ARE ALWAYS SAID SA THOUGH SHE WERE A WOMAN (HEMINGWAY)
HE IS A GREAT FISH AND I MUST CONVINCE HIM, HE THOUGHT . I MUST NEVER LET HIM LEARN HIS STRENGTH.(HEMINGWAY)
In the same book e. Hemingway calls a huge and strong fish as he.
PRONOUNS POSSESS A STRONG STYLISTIC POTENTIAL THAT IS REALIZED DUE TO THE VIOLATION OF THE NORMAL LINKS WITH THEIR OBJECT OF REFERENCE.
The adjective and its stylistic functions
THE ONLY GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY OF THE ENGLISH ADJECTIVE TODAY IS THAT OF COMPARISON. COMPARISON IS ONLY THE PROPERTY OF QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ADJECTIVES, BUT NOT THE RELATIVE ONES.
WHEN ADJECTIVES THAT ARE NOT NORMALLY USED IN A COMPARATIVE DEGREE ARE USED WITH THIS CATEGORY THEY ARE CHARGED WITH A STRONG EXPRESSIVE POWER.
MRS. THOMPSON, OLD MAN FELLOW’S HOUSEKEEPER HAD FOUND HIM DEADER THAN A DOORNAIL…
THIS IS A VIVID EXAMPLE OF A GRAMMATICAL TRANSPOSITION OF THE SECOND TYPE BUILT ON THE INCONGRUITY OF THE LEXICAL AND GRAMMATICAL MEANINGS.
THE UNEXPECTED SUPERLATIVE ADJECTIVE DEGREE FORMS LEND THE SENTENCE A CERTAIN RHYTHM AND MAKE IT EVEN MORE EXPRESSIVE:
…FIFTEEN MILLIONS OF WORKERS, UNDERSTOOD TO BE THE STRANGEST, THE CUNNINGEST, THE WILLINGEST OUR EARTH EVER HAD.
The commercial functional style makes a wide use of the violation of grammatical norms to captivate the reader’s attention:
THE ORANGEMOSTEST DRINK IN THE WORLD.
THE USE OF COMPARATIVE OR SUPERLATIVE FORMS WITH OTHER PARTS OF SPEECH MAY ALSO CONVEY A HUMOROUS COLOURING:
HE WAS THE MOST MARRIED MAN I’VE EVER MET.
ANOTHER STYLISTIC ASPECT OF THE ADJECTIVE COMES TO THE FORE WHEN AN ADJECTIVE GETS SUBSTANTIVIZED AND ACQUIRES THE QUALITIES OF A NOUN SUCH AS “SOLID, FIRM, HARD” , ETC.
ALL EUROPE WAS IN ARMS, AND ENGLAND WOULD JOIN. THE IMPOSSIBLE HAD HAPPENED. (ALDINGTON)
THE STYLISTIC FUNCTION OF THE ADJECTIVE IS ACHIEVED THROUGH THE DEVIANT USE OF THE DEGREES OF COMPARISON THAT RESULTS MOSTLY IN GRAMMATICAL METAPHORS OF THE SECOND TYPE (LEXICAL AND GRAMMATICAL INCONGRUITY)
THE SAME EFFECT IS ALSO CAUSED BY THE SUBSTANTIVISED USE OF THE ADJECTIVES.