- •Morphological stylistics
- •1.The first type of grammatical denotation reflects relations of objects in outside reality such as singularity and plurality.
- •2 The second type is expressed by such categories as modelity, voice, definiteness and indefiniteness.
- •1.The first deals with the t ransposition of a grammar form into a new syntactical distributi on with the effect of contrast.
- •2 The second type of transposition involves both- lexical and grammatical meanings
- •3Transposition of grammatical meanings that brings together incompatible forms - e.G. The use of a common noun as a proper one.
- •If you forget to invite somebidy’s aunt millie, I want to be able to say I had nothing to do with it.
- •I’m a marlow by birth, and we are a hot-blooded family.(follett).
- •The stylistic power of the pronoun
- •In this example the demonstrative pronouns do not point at anything but the excitement of the speaker.
- •It was robert ackley, this guy, that roomed right next to me. (salinger)
- •In the same book e. Hemingway calls a huge and strong fish as he.
- •The adjective and its stylistic functions
- •The commercial functional style makes a wide use of the violation of grammatical norms to captivate the reader’s attention:
- •The verb and its stylistic properties
- •If there’s a disputed decision, he said genially, they shall race again.(waugh)
- •Impatience, irritation:
- •I didn’t mean to hurt you.
- •I must say you’re disappointing me, my dear fellow.(berger)
- •I don’t want to look at sita. I sip my coffee as long as possible. Then I do look at her and see that all the colour has left her face, she is fearfully pale.(erdrich)
- •Affixation and expressiveness
1.The first deals with the t ransposition of a grammar form into a new syntactical distributi on with the effect of contrast.
THE “HISTORICAL PRESENT” IS A GOOD ILLUSTRATION OF THIS TYPE:
A VERB IN THE PRESENT INDEFINITE IS USED AGAINST THE BACKGROUNG OF THE PAST INDEFINITE NARRATION.
EVERYTHING WENT AS EASY AS DRINKING, JIMMY SAID. THERE WAS A GARAGE JUST ROUND THE CORNER BEHIND BELGRAVE SQUARE WHERE HE USED TO GO EVERY MORNING TO WATCH THEM MESSING ABOUT WITH THE CARS. CRAZY ABOUT CARS THE KID WAS. JIMMY COMES IN ONE DAY WITH HIS MOTOBIKE AND SIDE-CAR AND ASKS FOR SOME PETROL. HE COMES UP AND LOOKS AT IT IN THE WAY HE HAD. (WAUGH).
2 The second type of transposition involves both- lexical and grammatical meanings
THE USE OF THE PLURAL FORM WITH A NOUN WHOSE LEXICAL DENOTATIVE MEANING IS INCOMPATIBLE WITH PLURALITY( ABSTRACT NOUNS,PROPER NAMES) MAY SERVE AS AN EXAMPLE:
THE LOOK ON HER FACE… WAS FULL OF SECRET RESENTMENTS, AND LONGINGS, AND FEARS. (MITCHELL).
3Transposition of grammatical meanings that brings together incompatible forms - e.G. The use of a common noun as a proper one.
THE EFFECT IS PERSONIFICATION OF INANIMATE OBJECTS OR ANTONOMASIA
LORD AND LADY CIRCUMFERENCE, MR. PARAKEET, PROF. SILENUS, COLONEL MACADDER (WAUGH).
STYLISTIC POTENTIAL OF THE PARTS OF SPEECH.
NOUN AND ITS STYLISTIC POTENTIAL.
THE STYLISTIC POWER OF A NOUN IS CLOSELY LINKED TO THE GRAMMATICAL CATEGORIES THIS PART OF SPEECH POSSESSES. THEY ARE THE CATEGORIES OF NUMBER, PERSON AND CASE
THE USE OF A SINGULAR NOUN INSTEAD OF AN APPROPRIATE PLURAL FORM. CREATES A GENERALIZED, ELEVATED EFFECT BORDERING ON SYMBOLIZATION
THE FAINT FRESH FLAME OF THE YOUNG YEAR FLUSHES
FROM LEAF TO FLOWER AND FROM FLOWER TO TRUIT
AND FRUIT AND LEAF ARE AS GOLD AND FIRE.
THE USE OF PLURAL INSTEAD OF SINGULAR MAKES THE DESCRIPTION MORE POWERFUL AND LARGE-SCALE.
THE CLAMOUR OF WATERS, SNOWS, WINDS, RAINS….(HEMINGWAY)
PROPER NAMES EMPLOYED AS PLURAL LEND THE NARRATION A UNIQUE GENERALIZING EFFECT.
If you forget to invite somebidy’s aunt millie, I want to be able to say I had nothing to do with it.
THERE WERE NUMEROUS AUNT MILLIES BECAUSE OF , AND IN SPITE OF AUTHUR’S AND EDITH’S TRIPLE CHECKING OF THE LIST.(O’HARA).
THESE EXAMPLES REPRESENT THE SECOND TYPE OF GRAMMATICAL METAPHOR FORMED B THE TRANSPOSITION OF THE LEXICAL AND GRAMMATICAL MEANINGS.
THE THIRD TYPE OF TRANSPOSITION IS THE EXAMPLE OF PERSONIFICATION.
:
PERSONIFICATION TRANSPOSES A COMMON NOUN INTO THE CLASS OF PROPER NAMES BY ATTRIBUTING TO IT THOUGHTS OR QUALITIES OF A HUMAN BEING.
AS A RESULT THE SYNTACTICAL, MORPHOLOGICAL AND LEXICAL VALENCY OF THIS NOUN CHANGES:
ENGLAND’S MASTERY OF THE SEAS , TOO, WAS GROWING EVEN GREATER. LAST YEAR HER TRADING RIVALS THE DUTCH HAD PUSHED OUT OF SEVERAL COLONIES…(RUTHERFORD)
ABSTRACT NOUNS TRANSPOSED INTO THE CLASS OF PERSONAL NOUNS
ARE CHARGED WITH VARIOUS EMOTIONAL CONNOTATIONS.
THE CHUBBY LITTLE ECCENTRICITY.(CHILD) TASTE.
THE OLD ODDITY(AN ODD OLD PERSON)
THE EMOTIVE CONNOTATIONS IN SUCH CASES MAY RANGE FROM AFFECTION TO IRONY OR DISTASTE.
THE ARTICLE AND ITS STYLISTIC POTENTIAL
THE ARTICLE MAY BE A VERY EXPRESSIVE ELEMENT OF NARRATION ESPECIALLY WHEN USED WITH PROPER NAMES.
THE INDEFINITE ARTICLE MAY CONVEY EVALUATIVE CONNOTATIONS WHEN USED WITH A PROPER NAME.