Visually represented _________________________________________

2. With the industrial revolution there arose an institutional structure that 'allowed room' for youth.

due to _____________________________________________________

3. The role of youth culture involves offering symbolic elements that are used by youth to construct an identity outside the restraints of class and education.

through ____________________________________________________

4. It would appear that a group shows the following special characteristics: awareness of membership; interacting with one another.

may seem ___________________________________________________

5. To suggest that there is a youth subculture requires proof that they are a distinct group with their own set of characteristic.

to prove ____________________________________________________

6. The search for identity is at the core.

It __________________________________________________________

7. Probably the new communities will be organised around the needs of the individuals and their interests.

likely ______________________________________________________

8. The following insights were gained from class interaction on youth subculture groups.

One ________________________________________________________

Speaking

1. Discuss the reasons why young people should form any groups that are opposed to other groups. Keep to the logical scheme below:

Thesis statement 1

↓

Detail sentences

↓

Thesis statement 2

↓

Detail sentences

↓

Concluding statement

2. Which youth culture (or a blending of youth cultures) do you identify yourself with? Why?

3. Imagine that you are a speaker of a radio programme for teenagers. What aspects would you mention when speaking about youth cultures? Use the information in the texts below.

Bohemianism (From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia)

Though a Bohemian is a native of the Czech province of Bohemia, a secondary meaning for bohemian emerged in 19th century France. The term was used to describe artists, writers, and disenchanted people of all sorts who wished to live non-traditional lifestyles.

"The term 'bohemian' has come to be very commonly accepted in our day as the description of a certain kind of literary gypsy, no matter in what language he speaks, or what city he inhabits .... A bohemian is simply an artist or littérateur who, consciously or unconsciously, secedes from conventionality in life and in art." (Westminster Review, 1862, noted at Online Etymology Dictionary.)

The term reflects the French perception, held since the 15th century, that the gypsies had come from Bohemia. Literary bohemians were associated in the French imagination with roving gypsies, outsiders apart from conventional society and untroubled by its disapproval. Bohemians were often associated with drugs and self-induced poverty.

In English, bohemian in this sense was first popularized in William Makepeace Thackeray's novel, Vanity Fair, published in 1848.

The term has become associated with various artistic or academic communities and is used as a generalized adjective describing such people. Many prominent European and American literary figures of the last 150 years belonged to the bohemian counterculture, and any comprehensive 'list of bohemians' would be tediously long. Ironically enough, bohemianism by definition can only exist within a framework of conservative values.