- •Lexicology as a linguistic discipline.
- •Lexicology as a brunch of linguistics. Types of Lexicology.
- •The connection of lexicology with other linguistic disciplines. Methods of lexicological research.
- •General problems of the theory of the Word.
- •1.Lexicology as a brunch of linguistics. Types of Lexicology.
- •The notion of the linguistic sign.
- •2.The connection of lexicology with other linguistic disciplines. Methods of lexicological research.
- •The Transformational Analysis
- •3. General problems of the theory of the word.
- •Lecture 2 Etymological characteristics of Modern English vocabulary
- •1. Native words in English.
- •2. Borrowings in English vocabulary. Classification of borrowings.
- •Classification of borrowings according to the language from which they were borrowed
- •French borrowings
- •Italian borrowings.
- •German borrowings.
- •Holland borrowings.
- •Russian borrowings.
- •3. Etymological doublets
- •Lecture 3 Morphological structure of English words. Wordbuilding
- •1. Morphological structure of English words.
- •2. Different ways of wordbuilding in English.
- •3. Productive ways of word-building in English.
- •Lecture 4 Semantic structure of English words. Semantic processes.
- •1. Semasiology. Word-meaning. Lexical and grammatical meaning.
- •2. Polysemy in Modern English, its role and sources. Homonymy, Synonymy. Antonyms in me.
- •3. Semantic processes. Change of meaning.
- •Lecture 5 homonymy and synonymy in modern english
- •1. Homonymy in English. The sources of homonymy
- •Sources of Homonymy
- •2. Classification of Homonyms
- •4. Classification of synonyms
- •Ideographic (which he defined as words conveying the same notion but differing in shades of meaning),
- •Lecture 6 english phraseology
- •1. Phraseological units in English.
- •2. Ways of forming phraseological units.
- •1. Phraseological units in English.
- •2. Ways of forming phraseological units. Their classification.
- •Lecture 7
- •1. The words of informal stylistic layer.
- •Informal Style
- •Colloquial Words
- •Dialect words
- •2. The formal layer of the English vocabulary.
- •Learned Words
- •3. Professionalisms.
- •4. Stylistically neutral layer of the English vocabulary.
- •5. Neologisms in English.
- •Lecture 8 English as the world language. Varieties of English.
- •1. Historical and economic background of widespreading English.
- •2. Some of the distinctive characteristics of american english
- •3. The language of Canada, Australia and New Zealand.
- •4. Some other varieties of English (English of India and Pakistan, African English)
- •2. Historical development of British and American Lexicography.
- •3. Classification of dictionaries
Lecture 2 Etymological characteristics of Modern English vocabulary
1. Native words in English.
2. Borrowings in English vocabulary. Classification of borrowings.
3. Etymological dublets.
1. Native words in English.
All the words in English are divided as to their origin into
native words
loan words (borrowings, loans)
Native words are those which are known from Old English period.
Loan words are words taken over from other languages and changed in their sound form, spelling, paradigm or meaning according to the standards of English.
Etymology – the study of the origin and history of words and chahges in their meaning.
(e.g. the etymology of the modern English noun fish can be traced back to Old English fisc. In some cases there is a change in meaning. For example the word meat which now means “animal flesh used as food” is from the Old English word mete which meant “food in general”)
The native words are diachronically subdivided into the words of Endo-European Origin and Common Germanic Origin.
Words of Indo-European origin have cognates in the vocabularies of different Indo-European languages.
Words of Indo-European origin fall into fallowing lexico-semantic groups:
(Lexico-semantic groups – are sets of words grouped according to their meaning or close in their meaning.)
terms of kinship: father, mother, brother, son, daughter
words that denote natural phenomena, the most important everyday life things: moon, star, night, water, snow, tree, wood, fire, stone
those denoting animals and birds: wolf, mouse, bear, hare, crow, cat, fish, hound, goose, bull
parts of the human body: arm, leg, eye, ear, heart, mouth, nose,ankle, breast, knee, foot, tongue
Lexico-grammatical groups – groups of words united on the basis of their common part-of-speech meaning. Here belong:
I. Verbs that are frequently used: to sit, to stand, to come, to work, to sow, to know, to lie, to tear,etc.
II. Adjectives that denote physical properties: high, low, hard, light, quick, right, red, slow, raw, thin, white
III. The numerals: one, three, five, six
Words of common Germanic origin
1) nouns: ground, winter, storm, coal, iron, house, life, hope, need, rest, grass
2) verbs: keep, buy, burn, drive, hear, learn, live, meet, see, shut, spread, draw, follow.
3) adjectives: broad, deaf, dead, dear,left, little
4) adverbs: along, again, near, forward
5) pronouns: all, each, he, self, such
The words of Indo-European origin and the words of Common Germanic origin form the Etymological background of the English vocabulary.
Words of the native stock are characterised by the following features:
their being stylistically neutral
their common usage
their being highly polisemantic
their denoting the most important things (they form the most important lexico-semantic groups)
new words are formed on the basis of native ones
thei wide lexical and grammatical valency
the native elements are mostly monosyllabic.
It has been approximately estimated that more than 60% of the English vocabulary are borrowings and about 40% are words native in origin.