- •Lexicology as a linguistic discipline.
- •Lexicology as a brunch of linguistics. Types of Lexicology.
- •The connection of lexicology with other linguistic disciplines. Methods of lexicological research.
- •General problems of the theory of the Word.
- •1.Lexicology as a brunch of linguistics. Types of Lexicology.
- •The notion of the linguistic sign.
- •2.The connection of lexicology with other linguistic disciplines. Methods of lexicological research.
- •The Transformational Analysis
- •3. General problems of the theory of the word.
- •Lecture 2 Etymological characteristics of Modern English vocabulary
- •1. Native words in English.
- •2. Borrowings in English vocabulary. Classification of borrowings.
- •Classification of borrowings according to the language from which they were borrowed
- •French borrowings
- •Italian borrowings.
- •German borrowings.
- •Holland borrowings.
- •Russian borrowings.
- •3. Etymological doublets
- •Lecture 3 Morphological structure of English words. Wordbuilding
- •1. Morphological structure of English words.
- •2. Different ways of wordbuilding in English.
- •3. Productive ways of word-building in English.
- •Lecture 4 Semantic structure of English words. Semantic processes.
- •1. Semasiology. Word-meaning. Lexical and grammatical meaning.
- •2. Polysemy in Modern English, its role and sources. Homonymy, Synonymy. Antonyms in me.
- •3. Semantic processes. Change of meaning.
- •Lecture 5 homonymy and synonymy in modern english
- •1. Homonymy in English. The sources of homonymy
- •Sources of Homonymy
- •2. Classification of Homonyms
- •4. Classification of synonyms
- •Ideographic (which he defined as words conveying the same notion but differing in shades of meaning),
- •Lecture 6 english phraseology
- •1. Phraseological units in English.
- •2. Ways of forming phraseological units.
- •1. Phraseological units in English.
- •2. Ways of forming phraseological units. Their classification.
- •Lecture 7
- •1. The words of informal stylistic layer.
- •Informal Style
- •Colloquial Words
- •Dialect words
- •2. The formal layer of the English vocabulary.
- •Learned Words
- •3. Professionalisms.
- •4. Stylistically neutral layer of the English vocabulary.
- •5. Neologisms in English.
- •Lecture 8 English as the world language. Varieties of English.
- •1. Historical and economic background of widespreading English.
- •2. Some of the distinctive characteristics of american english
- •3. The language of Canada, Australia and New Zealand.
- •4. Some other varieties of English (English of India and Pakistan, African English)
- •2. Historical development of British and American Lexicography.
- •3. Classification of dictionaries
The Transformational Analysis
transformational analyses –the changing to the sentence, phrase according to prescribed model and following certain groups. It has much in common with substitution;
The transformational analysis in lexicological investigations may be defined as repatterning of various distributional structures in order to discover difference or sameness of meaning of practically identical distributional patterns.
For example, if we compare the two compound words dogfight and dogcart, we shall see that the distributional pattern of the stems is identical and may be represented as n + n. The meaning of these words, broadly speaking, is also similar as the first of the stems modifies, describes the second and we understand these compounds as "a kind of fight" and "a kind of cart" respectively. The semantic relationship between the stems, however, is different and, hence, the lexical meaning of the words is also different. This can be shown by means of a transformational procedure which reveals that a dogfight is semantically equivalent to "a fight between dogs", whereas a dogurtis not "a cart between dogs" but "a carl drawn by dogs''.
dancing hall; dancing girl
componential analyses –an attempt to describe the meaning of the word in terms of a universal inventory of semantic components. It is close to dictionary definition. When a word is analysed into a set of meaning components (semes) or semantic features.
Analysing the meaning of the word they deal with invariants or lexico-semantic variants or semes. Seme is the smallest element of the meaning of a word.
the componental analysis also proceeds from the assumption that word meaning is not an unanalysable whole but can be decomposed into elementary semantic components.
e.g the meaning of the English word boy may be shown as (+human) (+male) ( - adult)
Dictionary definitions are based on this analysis. It deals with invariants - lexico-semantic variants + a seme. (e.g set) its semantic invariant is place
to be placed towards or below the horizon (The sun sets in the west)
to move or place so that it is near smth.(to set a glass to one’s lips)
to cause to be at a certain state.(to set free)
to be placed in a suitable condition (to place in order)
etc The term lexico-semantic variant was introduced by prof. Smirnitsky. Linguists use also the term sense (prof. Korsakov) instead of lexico-semantic variant.
Contextual Analysis.
Representatives of this approach consider that it is the context that determines the contextual meaning of the word. Context is the minimal stretch of speech in which each individual meaning is realized. According to this approach the difference in meaning of a word is indicated by its environment. (prof Kolshanskiy).
3. General problems of the theory of the word.
The definition of the word is a difficult problem in Lexicology because even the simpliest word has many different aspects, e.g. sound form, morphological structure. The word is a central element of any language system. Many definitions of the word are based on different philosophical approaches.
A word (Beresin) is an arrangement of sounds conveying a certain concept, idea or meaning which has general acceptance in a social group of people speaking the same language and historically connected.
Words are used in combination with other words in our speech according to their lexical and grammatical valency.
The lexical valency is the aptness of a word to appear in various combinations with other words: e.g. question – difficult, problematic, urging, important, delicate, etc., a question of great importance, to raise a question.
The grammatical valency is the aptness of a word to appear in specific grammatical structures of a language. The grammatical valency of correlated words is not identical in different languages: Мені не хочеться щось робити – I don’t feel like doing something.
The English vocabulary should be studied in the light of the economic, political and cultural history of the English people. Vocabulary is the most changeable aspect of the language. New words appear in the vocabulary and old ones drop out of use, already existing words develop new meanings. It is due to the fact that vocabulary develops together with the development of human society. It reflects all the changes in human society. Elements within the vocabulary are interdependent and interrelated. They make up the system of signs.