Unit III. The Sequence of Tenses

Exercise 1. Translate the following sentences into Russian.

1) They confessed they did not know the answers. 2) We were told that biologists alone couldn't solve this problem, neither could physicists. 3) The director stressed that more and more service and auxiliary operations were being done by automatic devices. 4) The chief of the laboratory said that the process could be easily simulated in the laboratory, no matter how peculiar its mechanism might seem to a non-specialist. 5) We knew that the compound was being analysed. 6) Не said that he was disappointed with the final results of the experiments. 7) Suddenly he understood what it meant. 8) One of the philosophers said that to know everything is to know nothing. 9) Galileo proved that the earth revolves round the sun.

1) He said he had done this on purpose. 2) The scientist reported that he had spent five years on the problem. 3) It was known that Pierre Curie had given up his own research to join Marie Curie in her studies of radioactivity. 4) It was pointed out that the adequate theory had prevented scientists from making many useless experiments. 5) It was considered that the phenomenon had already been explained. 6) The post-graduate declared that the model had been modified and was being used in many fields. 7) He said he had had many doubts and therefore had asked many questions. 8) She could not believe that he had known nothing about their experiments.

1) He said he would take upon himself the whole responsibility. 2) They believed that the paper would interest most specialists. 3) We were told that they would carry out some important experiments. 4) The secretary said that they would be called into his room in alphabetical order. 5) He said that he would try to realize the possible consequences of their intervention. 6) The participants of the conference agreed, that they would develop cooperation in this field. 7) They thought that the method applied would increase the accuracy of results. 8) He told us that the report would be hardly satisfactory.

Exercise 2. Translate from Russian into English.

l) Вчера сообщили, что конференция состоится в мае этого года. 2) Он не знал, откуда она это получила. 3) Нам сказали, что большое внимание будет уделено проблеме потребления топлива. 4) Никто не мог поверить, что этот молодой человек изобрел машину. 5) Все знали, что у него много публикаций по теме диссертации. 6) На кафедре было решено, что аспирант выполнил свой план. 7) Он сказал, что, несмотря на трудности, эксперимент проводится. 8) Ученый сообщил, что новый научный метод был разработан сотрудниками его лаборатории. 9) Докладчик отметил, что преимущества и недостатки нового метода будут еще уточняться. 10) Не было сомнений в том, что в ходе дальнейшей научной разработки необходимо использовать новые компьютерные программы. 12) Он был уверен, что никогда не поздно учиться.

Unit IV. Modal verbs

Exercise 1. Complete the sentences using can, could, may, might (positive or negative)

1) Now people … travel a lot around the world.

2) He told me he ... earn his living since he was 16.

3) It … be a nice day tomorrow.

1. You … see the Great Wall of China from space.

2. I don’t believe computers … think.

3. He … understand the article, as he didn’t know many of the new words.

4. … this story be true?

5. You ... speak on the phone during the exam.

6. He … be French but I am not sure.

10) No one … enter the laboratory when the test is going on.

Exercise 2. Complete the sentences with can/could or be able to.

1. I … speak Spanish really well when I lived in Madrid.

2. The fire spread through the building quickly but everyone ... escape.

3. He … play the piano very well when he was a child.

4. It was difficult but they … find a new approach.

5. … you read when you were four?

6. I can’t understand Martin. I’ve never … understand him.

7. He ... repair the new equipment but it took him a long time.

8. My grandmother … speak four languages

9. Tom … drive, but he hasn’t got a car.

10)Ask Ann about your problem. She should … help you.

Exercise 3.To ask for permission to do something you can say:

Can I have...? / Could I have... ? / May I have... ?

Match the questions on the left with the replies to them on the right.

1. May I borrow the car tonight?	Sure, I’d like one too.
2. Can I play your guitar?	Yes, I like Beethoven too.
3. Could I have a lift to the station?	All right. Be careful.
4. May I have another drink, please?	I’m afraid not. It’s got only 5 strings.
5. Can I put this record on?	O.K. Get in. I’m going that way.
6. Could I use the washing machine?	Sure. Scotch, isn’t it?
7. Can I make a cup of tea?	I suppose so, but I’m a bit cold.
8. Can I borrow your umbrella?	Sorry, I’m afraid not. It’s broken.
9. Could I use the phone, please?	I suppose so, but it isn’t raining.
10. May I open the window, please?	Of course, if it isn’t an international call.

Exercise 4. Complete the sentences with must, mustn’t or needn’t.

1. ‘Do you want me to wait for you?’ ‘No, it’s okay. You … wait.’

2. Andrew gave me a letter to post. I … forget to post it.

3. You … come if you don’t want to but I hope you will.

4. ‘What sort of house do you want to buy? Something big?’ ‘Well, it … be big – that’s not important. But it ... have a nice garden – that’s essential.

5. We have enough food at home so we … go shopping today.

6. This book is very valuable. You … look after it very carefully and you ... lose it.

7. You ... send a telex. I’ll call them.

8. We’ve still got a lot of time. We … hurry.

9. At the zoo: Visitors … feed the animals.

10. Passengers … lean out of the windows.

11. I’m tired. I ..…. go to bed early.

12. You ......... disturb your sister while she’s is working.

Exercise 5. Complete the sentences choosing the right word in brackets.

1. You (must, have to) come and have a game of tennis with my son. You will be impressed.

2. The buses were full and we (must, had to) take a taxi.

3. I understand. You (mustn’t, don’t have to) translate.

4. You (must, have to) look both ways before crossing the road.

5. We’ll book a room for you. You (mustn’t, don’t have to) look for a hotel.

6. We’re going by an early flight, so I (must, have to) get up not later than six o’clock tomorrow morning.

7. You (mustn’t, don’t have to) drive so fast, there’s a speed limit here.

8. You (mustn’t, don’t have to) drive so fast, we’ve still got a lot of time.

9. ‘I’m sorry I (must, have to) put off our appointment again. I’ve still got a temperature.’ ‘That’s all right. You (must, have to) stay at home till you fell well enough to go out. Get well!’

Exercise 6. Fill in the blanks with be to or have to (in it’s correct form).

1. Hurry up! The bus ... arrive at two o’clock. If you are late, you ... walk home.

2. We … take exams in four subjects in spring.

3. After his father’s death Robert … support his family.

4. The train … have arrived by 7 o’clock. But it hasn’t come yet.

5. The book.… be published at the end of the last year.

6. If you want to pass the exams successfully you … work hard.

7. When you have a computer, you won’t ... waste so much time.

8. I felt nervous because I ... leave home for the first time.

9. I think we ... pay in advance.

Exercise 7. Say what should have been done.

Model: Jane was ill, but didn’t stay at home.

Jane should have stayed at home.

1. He didn’t leave a message.

2. We didn’t congratulate him.

3. The company didn’t finance the construction.

4. They didn’t replace the defective part in the machine.

5. They didn’t introduce the changes gradually.

6. They didn’t improve the design.

7. The tickets haven’t been exchanged.

8. The seats haven’t been booked.

Exercise 8. Translate into English using ought to / shoul, be to/ have to.

1) Вам надо бы проконсультироваться с кем-нибудь еще. 2) Вам надо бы поискать другую работу. 3) Нам пришлось изменить свои планы на лето.

4) Вам не нужно торопиться, вступительные экзамены в аспирантуру состоятся в октябре. 5) Вам следовало быть внимательнее к родителям. 6) Вам надо бы подать заявление до 30 июня. 7) Вам давно надо было со мной поговорить. 8) Премьер-министр должен посетить Шотландию в сентябре. 9) Билеты надо было заказать заблаговременно. 10) Вам следует помогать своим близким.11) Президент должен завтра сделать заявление. 12) Эти документы должны быть подписаны директором. 13) Вы очень хорошо говорите по-английски. 14) Вам приходилось много работать над языком в университете?

Exercise 9. Choose the best form.

1. Most primitive tools and devices … independently by different civilizations (had to be invented/must have been invented).

2. If there was some­one to put a question there … somebody, sooner or later, to answer it (must have been/ must be).

3. By that time the resources of the planet … (must be exhausted /may have been exhausted).

4. A scientist … freely choose his line of rese­arch (may/has to).

5. They ……the sample in freezer; it would be more effective (can put/might have put).

6. At all the times there were ideas which should have been given more attention than they actually were.

7. You absolutely ..... go and see this film. It’s really worth seeing (should, must).

8. Good ideas ……be written down before they are forgotten (have to/ should).

Exercise 10. Translate the following sentences.

1) You should work harder. 2) You needn’t disturb him, I can tell you everything. 3) We should work at our English as mush as possible. 4) You needn’t take part in this research if you do not want to. 5) You ought to remember the names of the scientists who have already contributed to the development of your specialty. 6) The results of the experiment should be checked very carefully. 7) Every researcher ought to be interested in the results of his work. 8) Good ideas should be written down before they are forgotten. 9) Most primitive tools and devices must have been invented independently by different civilizations. 10) If there was someone to put a question there must be somebody, sooner or later, to answer it. 11) Everyone might be granted the right to be occasionally wrong. 12) At all times there were ideas which should have been given more attention than they actually were.

Exercise 11. Choose the proper Russian equivalents of modal verbs.

1) One can assume this to be self-evident. 2) One can expect the scope of research to expand steadily. 3) One can hardly expect a true scien­tist to keep within the limits of one narrow long-established field. 4) One should always keep an open mind receptive to new ideas. 5) One should start a new subject of research with collecting experimental evidence and classifying it. 6) One should be able to pick out the most important things from the great wealth of information. 7) To be a successful scientist one must at the very least be able to ask questions. 8) One has to test the validity of those questions raised. 9) One need not solve a great many problems to be a great scientist. 10) One does not have to accept this viewpoint.

Exercise 12. Grammar in proverbs. Translate these sentences into Russian and suggest Russian sayings of similar meaning. Illustrate one of the proverbs with some situation.

1) A fool may ask more questions than a wise man can answer. 2) Who seeks blows shall perish by blows. 3) Friends may meet, but mountains never. 4) You may lead a horse to water but you can't make it drink. 5) He who would search for pearls must dive below. 6) What can't be cured must be endured. 7) People who live in glass houses should not throw stones. 8) Accidents will happen. 9) Bad seed must produce bad corn. 10) What's done cannot be undone. 11) None so deaf as those who won't hear. 12) If we can't as we would, we must do as we can.

Exercise 13. Say it in English. Use modal verbs wherever possible.

1) Вам следует еще раз обдумать это предложение. 2) Почему я должен принимать его предложение? Я не могу согласиться с ним. 3) Вам не нужно упоминать эти данные в докладе. 4) Возможно, они отложили встречу. 5) Должно быть, все вопросы уже решены.6) Нашей стране нужны хорошие специалисты. 7) Мы можем сделать эту работу за два дня. 8) Ядерная энергия может иметь очень большое значение в повседневной жизни. 9) Каждый должен хорошо изучить свою специальность. 10) Ученому пришлось использовать результаты опытов других специалистов. 11) Вы сможете работать гораздо лучше. 12) Работа заняла много времени, мы не смогли прийти вовремя. 13) Можно нам работать в лаборатории вечером? 14) Вам разрешат присутствовать при его опытах. 15) Его статья должна быть опубликована на следующей неделе.