5. Cause, effect

Exercise I. Cause and effect prepositions with verbs.

A: Translate the sentences into English paying special attention to (he prepositions.

1. Она горько плакала от горя.

2. Не волнуйся, я плачу от радости!

3. Раненые стонали от боли, (groan)

4. Он застонал от бессилия.

5. Дети визжали от смеха.

6. Когда девочка увидела тигра, она закричала от ужаса.

7. Собака скулила от боли.

8. От боли и потери крови она потеряла сознание.

9. Она дрожала ог холода.

10. Она умерла от тифа в 1919, а он годом позже умер от инфаркта.

11. Многие дети умирают в Африке от голода.

12. Маленькая девочка подпрыгивала от нетерпения и от радости.

В: Fill the gaps with the following prepositions or prepositional phrases:

through, thanks to, out of from, on account of by.

1. She suffered heart disease.

2. We succeeded sheer hard work.

1. I think I should like to taste a piece of octopus, just curiosity.

4. He felt that she was silent embarrassment.

5. How many days were lost sickness?

6. Nickel prices have rocketed a record output of stainless steel.

7. her sheer nervousness she said a few more stupid things.

8. The explorers died cold before they reached the North Pole.

9. John we arrived 3 hours late.

10. I came to you desperation - you’ve got to help me.

11. him I was introduced to some high-up people.

1. He did it a sense of duty,

11. 3. You didn't really want that last cake, you only took it spite.

14. . Hundreds of working days have been lost this year illness.

15. . your carelessness, those important documents have been lost.

16. I came _______ interest.

17. . All our water was boiled there being a danger of typhoid fever.

18. You had a narrow escape your good luck.

19. The Community Association collapsed lack of support.

20. Why did you do it? Was it _ what I said yesterday?

21. spite, Sylvia passed on the story of the affair to the newspapers.

22. We had to move to London my job.

23. He died in prison pneumonia.

24. him I began to learn to trust my feelings.

25. My eyes hurt ________ the wind.

26. Not all (he artists’ problems can be solved funding.

27. The company has had a successful year, mainly the

improvement in export sales.

28. We don't get great pleasure it.

29. You're in trouble me already,

30. She put salt into her tea ______ mistake.

1. There will be a reward for any information the arrest of the robbers.

2. Education is the only method of changes in world population.

3. Heavy traffic long delays on the roads.

4. The President’s absence from the dinner speculation about his health.

5. It was a medical error that the death of the patient.

6. The autopsy showed that her death was liver failure.

7. Try to isolate the problems that are you the most difficulty.

8. The President will support any efforts a cease-fire.

9. These chemicals may contaminate the water supply and cancer.

10. Two things are world-wide concern - mass unemployment and

poverty of underdeveloped countries.

11. I believe that these large wage increases have most of our economic

problems.

Exercise 3. BECAUSE OF vs. AS A RESULT OF. Underline the one that sounds more logically and grammarwise correct.

1. The home team scored in the last minute as a result of/because of an error by the opposing goalkeeper.

2. I was made redundant as a result of/because of company reorganisation.

3. Because of/As a result of the opposing team’s superior attacking skills, we worked out a clever defensive plan.

4. Sea-level may rise as a result of/because of global warming.

5. Governments may take measures to limit CO2 emissions because of/as a result of the dangers of global warming.

6. I get depressed as a result of/because о/all the unhappiness in the world.

7. We are getting a 10 per cent pay rise because of/as a result of the recent wage agreement.

8. As a result of/because of eating well, she soon regained her strength.

9. As a result of/because of the excellent food at the hotel she booked a holiday there for the following year.

10. Why did you decide to leave the company? Because of/As a result of new management policies which 1 totally disagreed with.

11. Joe met his wife as a result of/because of an advertisement he inserted in a newspaper.

Exercise 4. SINCE / BECAUSE / AS. Underline the best answers and \plain your choice. Sometimes both forms arc possible.

1. John, as/because you speak French, I wondered if I could ask you some words?

2. We have a surprise for you because/as you have helped us so often, and for mo many years we’d like to give you a present.

3. Since/as everyone is here, we can begin the meeting.

4. Because/since we were young and inexperienced, we made a lot of mistakes.

5. Please allow Johnny to leave school fifteen minutes early, as/because he has a dentist's appointment.

6. I will tell you why she lost her job! She was dismissed since/because she was lazy and inefficient!

7. . "Why do you love me?” - ‘I love you as/because you understand me.”

8. I failed in the exam precisely as/because I didn’t have time to study.

9. I asked the question “Who will pay?” merely as/because we have received no financial details at all.

10. Following our letter of the 16t^h April, since/because we have not heard from you. we assume that you have no objections to the proposal that was made to you.

11. Some people believe that Mozart died because/since he was poisoned.

3. The new minister, Mrs. Durass, is energetic / she will probably adopt new policies.

4. Underground Railroad was one of the greatest forces which brought on the Civil War / it destroyed slavery.

5. The President is very unpopular / his resignation didn’t come as a surprise.

6. Our souls are immortal because they are not made of matter / they are indestructible.

Exercise 6. HENCE vs. CONSEQUENTLY. Rewrite the sentences so that they sound more formal.

1. Several teachers are ill, so the school will be closed until further notice.

2. The ship suffered damage in a storm, so it had to go into port for repairs.

3. There is no evidence of damage to the door, so the thieves must have entered the building through the window.

4. Over 90 per cent of out patients improved after taking the drug, so the drug can be regarded as an effective treatment for the disease.

5. The temperature in Saudi Arabia can reach 50 degrees Celsius, so a lot of business is done early in the day.

6. The soldiers in the Pacifican Army were poorly paid; so morale was extremely low.

7. Calcium hydroxide is an alkali, so it reacts with acids to form a sail plus water.

8. The bank refused to help the company, so it went bankrupt.

9. There is no defect in the fuel system of the car, so the fault appears to lie with the electrical system.

Exercise 7. Choose and underline the best answer in the sentences below.

1. Poachers shoot elephants for their ivory. Consequently/Because the number of elephants is decreasing.

2. John copies the answers from his brother and hence/thus achieves good marks.

3. i’ll be out all day so/hence I’ll leave your lunch in the oven.

4. Mr. Cox is ill and will therefore/since be unable to lecture today.

1. There is no record of his transaction on our flies. As/Thus, there is no proof that the transaction ever took place.

2. Temperatures are likely to fall as/consequently cold weather is moving in from the north.

3. Lisa is getting married: so/hence the ring on her finger.

4. The costs of producing the magazine have risen steadily. We are therefore/hence raising the subscription to twenty dollars for four issues.

5. Benjamin Roe has ambitions to become the world’s leading newspaper proprietor: hence/consequently his purchase of the New York Globe.

6. Since/Hence the three sides of the triangle are equal in length, each of the angles must also be equal.

Exercise 8. CAUSE and EFFECT. Complete the newspaper report and the letter below.

A. (report in the Pudston Gazelle)

Residents of Pudston are angry ¹ the local council are planning to close

Pudston library. The decision to close has been taken ²_ financial savings

can be made.

“ l Pudston library is the least used of all the libraries in the region, this

was the obvious target,” said Council Chairman Bloggs. But Pudston people say this

is unfair, * the lack of use is * limited opening hours. “It’s true that

we don’t use the library much,” said one, “but that’s just * it’s never open at

times people can go there. It’s only open on Thursday mornings for two hours,

how can people use it?”

B. (letter to the editor of the Pudston Gazelle)

Dear Sir.

It is lime for Pudslonians to unite so that our voices may be heard.

everyone in Pudston knows the importance of the library service, I urge all readers to

protest to Chairman Bloggs. Our library is in danger just ^v_ we have kept

silent for loo long. Now is the time to act. Mr. Bloggs is due to visit Pudston next

wevk. ^u he is giving a speech at Pudston school, let us all gather outside

and tell him what we think of his plans.

Exercise 9. A: Join the ideas below a) to imply that the listener already knows the reason; b) to draw the listener’s attention to the cause of the action; c) to focus on the consequence of the action or deductive reasoning when possible.

1. Liz and Colin are having a party / they have got engaged.

2. This is the tourist season / accommodation may be expensive.

3. She wanted to read Dante in the original language / she learnt Italian.

4. I am not going to the disco / I don’t like disco music.

5. You know what is in the letter / I won’t read it to you.

6. Business is booming at the Savemart / the owners plan to open another branch further downtown.

7. I wasn’t present when the accident happened / you can’t blame me.

8. Meg is really angry / she hasn’t been invited to the wedding.

9. Jim had won 50 pounds in a lottery / he bought drinks for everybody.

10. 1 was hungry /I ate a sandwich.

11. Everybody says Woody Allen’s latest film is good /I think I’ll go and see it.

12. The departure was approaching / All of us were very excited.

13. The excitement will be great / Nobody will be able to sleep.

14. Mr. Crosby liked Morocco very much when he first went there / He wants to go back.

15. This new album of Sting sounds exciting / We are thinking of buying it.

16. My wife coughed a lot last night / She’s thinking of giving up smoking.

17. When 1 read “The Lord of the Rings” I found it extremely well written / I decided 1 would read it again one day.

B: Compare your opinions about the ideas below with those of other people in the group and be prepared to justify them, giving reasons.

4. Unemployment, and consequently despair about the future, is the main reason why young people turn to drugs.