2. Сomparison and contrast

1. /.Comparison

Exercise 1. A: AS vs. LIKE. Fill in the blanks with the linkers.

1. Joan’s not self-confident she seems.

2. Peter says he is going to work a salesman.

3. Stop crying a child!

4. Please do exactly I told you.

5. My brother isn't me at all.

6. John started singing a professional only a couple of years ago, when

he recorded his first LP.

7. Laura sings a professional, even though she’s never given a real concert

8, To make a potato salad, start this: boil the potatoes...

9. Pick that shell up - we can use it an ashtray.

10. I still remember her. She used to be a daughter to me.

11. Our plan succeeded we hoped.

B: AS vs. LIKE. Choose an item from the list below to complete the sentences.

A person, a secretary, a dessert, a union representative, an angel, an office, cardboard, he writes, her mother.

MAKING A TEXT IN ENGLISH: 1

Making a text in English: 3

Chapter 1 6

COMBINING MESSAGES: COHESION 6

1.1. l.INCLUSION/ADDITION 7

Exercise 10. INCLUSION. Connect the following ideas. 12

Exercise 11. Translate the following sentences into English. 13

1.1.2.EXCLUSION 15

/. 1.3. RESTRICTION 16

Exercise 26. EXCLUSION, RESTRICTION & ALTERNATIVES. Translate the following sentences into English. 24

1.2. СOMPARISON AND CONTRAST 25

1.2. /.COMPARISON 25

Exercise 1. A: AS vs. LIKE. Fill in the blanks with the linkers. 25

high level. 39

Exercise 3. Insert assuming (that), given that, considering (that). Comment on your choice. 41

1.5. CAUSE, EFFECT 42

Exercise 3. BECAUSE OF vs. AS A RESULT OF. Underline the one that sounds more logically and grammarwise correct. 43

1.6. PURPOSE 49

1.7. RELATIVES 53

REVISION TIME 74

MAKING A TEXT IN ENGLISH: 104

Extensive Guidance & Practice in Grammar of text for 3^rd year students 104

Exercise 2. Here are the beginnings and endings of some idiomatic ex press ions with as...as. Think of the situations where you would use them.

black cold flat good green thin warm white hard old pretty quiet red a beetroot gold grass toast

the grave a pancake the hills ice iron

night a picture a rake a sheet

1.2.2.-1.2.3. CONTRAST/CONCESSION

Exercise 3. WHEREAS vs. ALTHOUGH. Join the ideas with the help of the lin Iters.

1. Soccer is played with a round		a) cats are solitary by nature.
ball		b) rugby is played with an oval
2. Whales and dolphins are not		ball.
fish	whereas	c) in Australia it starts in
3. Mercury is a metal		September.
4. English is a Germanic		d) they spend their lives in
language	although	water.
5. Many people believe in		e) future vehicles may use
astrology		hydrogen.
6. Dogs are pack animals		f) people know it is harmful.
7. In Britain spring starts in		g) it is a liquid at room

April		temperature.
8. Present cars run on petrol		h) French is descended from
9. Smoking is still a common		Latin.
habit		i) it lacks any scientific proof.

Exercise 4. BUT vs. AL THOUGH.

Look at the notes below. Make sentences with a similar meaning using the

above linkers as in the example. Change the order if necessary.

Iwanilpe: Sally isn’t very tall / Sally is good at basketball. Although Sally isn’t

very tall, she is good at basketball. Sally isn't very tall, but she is good at basketball.

1. Mongolia doesn’t have a large population /Mongolia is a large country.

2. Jane likes to sing / Jane is not a very good singer.

1. My car runs very well /I didn’t pay a lot of money for my car.

4. Syntex is a smaller company than Tenbol / Syntex is more profitable than Tenbol.

5. Van Gogh’s paintings are now worth millions / Van Gogh didn’t sell any paintings during his lifetime.

6. The project was almost complete / it lost its funding.

7. A lot of novels are published every year / very few novels become bestsellers.

8 There remain diseases for which there’s no cure / smallpox has been eradicated.

I mi'Clie S. HOWEVER & NEVERTHELESS. Choose a correct linker. Sometimes both may do.

Captain Crock is reporting on a planet lie is exploring.

The creatures on this planet appear to be intelligent. However/Nevertheless, they have not tried to make contact with us. The area to the North is a desert. However/Neverlheless, the area to the South has thick forests. Several of our crew have had a strange illness, but nevertheless/however we intend to continue with our exploration. The planet has two suns. One of them is like our own sun. Nevertheless /However, the other is blue in colour. The planet is beautiful, but however/nevertheless there is something frightening about it. I have ordered Mercury brigade to explore to the South. However/Nevertheless, Mars brigade will stay to guard the spaceship. I was bitten by a giant ant this morning. However/Nevertheless, I shall continue... (Here Captain Crock ’s report ends.)

Exercise 6. ON THE OTHER HAND vs. BY CONTRAST. Choose a relevant linker so that the sentence sounds logical.

Example: School nowadays do not encourage memorisation.

1. On the other hand. pupils do more projects and investigative work.

2. By contrast, pupils in former times had to learn many things by heart.

1. Lang (1973) reported good results using the drug Trisulphin.

1. , he also listed a number of unpleasant side-effects.

2. ) , a newer drug, Enzolfalm, appeared to have little effect.

2. Tennis players often behave badly without losing points.

1. , football players are immediately sent off the field.

2. ) , they are sometimes fined for bad behaviour.

3. The original Salko GL was not an advanced car technically.

1. _____ , the new model is a remarkable technical achievement.

2. ) , it was inexpensive, comfortable and easy to maintain.

4. In old age people may lose some of their mental agility.

1. __ , they often gain a greater understanding of life.

2. ) , young people are often very quick in absorbing

information.

5. Teleworking is comfortable and convenient.

1. ) , one may miss the chance to discuss things with colleagues.

2. ) travelling every day to an office is tiring and expensive.

Exercisc 7. IN SPITE OF & DESPITE. Use the ideas below and a relevant linker to make up meaningful sentences.

Example: He was never satisfied / he was one of the richest men in the world He was never satisfied, despite being one of the richest men in the world.

1. We arrived on time / the heavy traffic on the motorway.

2. Our team lost two early goals / our team won comfortably in the end.

3. Our present economic difficulties / the company should recover next year.

4. The police chief fought against the Mafia / he received death threats.

5. Joe did not become wealthy / he worked hard all his life.

6. Relatively few buildings were damaged / the severity of the earthquake.

7. Jill is back at work / she has just had a baby.

К. She became president of the company / widespread prejudice against women.

Exercise 8. ON THE CONTRARY & CONVERSELY. Choose a relevant connector to link the sentences below.

Example: Conversely

Over 90 per cent of the top group of students passed the exam. / Only 10 per cent of the lowest group achieved the required standard.

I I don’t blame the author for punching the reviewer on the nose. 1 think he was completely justified in doing so.

2. I have never heard John say anything bad about you. He has always spoken well of you.

1. The proportion of people renting houses has declined over the years. The percentage of people buying their own houses has increased.

4. If a triangle has two equal sides, it must have two equal angles. If there are two equal angles, it must have equal sides.

3. Our firm has no objections to employing older people. Applications from people over fifty will be welcomed.

6. Some people can eat more than others and still not gain weight. Some people can eat less than others and still gain weight.

Exercise 9. ALTHOUGH vs. IN SPITE OF (DESPITE).

Read the news items below. Insert one of the above listed linkers.

surplus of some types of food in Western Europe and the USA, much of this food is wasted or even destroyed.

4. (travel report) widespread fog tonight, there are no reports of

any problems at the airports. However, ⁸ warning lights on the Ml

motorway, the police are still reporting problems with motorists driving too close to the car in front.

2. . ⁹ as a society we have made great environmental progress in the

last few decades, it is becoming increasingly clear that we cannot continue to do so if we do not change the way we grow.

Exorcise 10. EVEN THOUGH vs. EVEN IF.

Rewrite each of the following sentences so that it begins with either connector and means the same as the given statement.

1. I don’t know if she saw me but she certainly heard me.

2. Alex typed the letter carefully. Nevertheless he made some mistakes.

3. The restaurant may be rather expensive. I still think we should go there.

4. Whether his wife agrees or not he has decided to sell the house.

5. She doesn’t speak English very well but she understands it perfectly.

6. I’m very tired, but I want to finish reading this chapter.

7. It doesn’t matter how long it takes - the work must be done.

8. She may not expect me to meet her at the station but I’ll go there anyway.

9. We studied algebra at school but I still don’t really understand it

10. It wouldn’t matter if the team won all their games. Their fans would still complain.

Exercise 11. Fill in the blanks using the following linking expressions:

despite whereas while even if even though even so

1. Patient care is suffering nursing posts remain vacant across the

province, according to local nurses in a new survey published at the weekend by the Royal College of Nursing and Nursing Standard.

2. In Brazil they speak Portuguese in most of South America they speak

Spanish.

3. The weather was cold and wet; I felt a sense of joy.

4. The company couldn’t sell the product spending a lot on advertising.

5. considerable progress, the overall goal of clean and healthy air

continues to elude much of the country.

6. Sometimes I can’t understand you I know you very well.

7. . He hasn’t phoned me but we are going to start work tomorrow he

isn’t ready.

Exercise 12. Fill in the blanks using a linking -EVER word.

1. hard the team train they will never win the championship.

2. . Come and stay with us you feel like it.

3. he says, don’t believe a word of it.

4. gets elected, President will lace an impossible situation.

5. we go for our holiday it should be a place with plenty of sunshine.

6. They could choose between two routes — they decide to take

they should be here in an hour.

7. Here's some money - buy you like.

8. We're going to come across difficulties we approach the problem.

9. you say, I still like her.

9. long you wear them, there’ll be no lost creases.

10. advice you give him, he still does exactly what he wants.

11. She looks pretty she wears.

2. I asked, nobody was sure.

10. . it’s hard work, I enjoy it.

11. I won’t accept this offer, favourable the conditions might be.

12. Yoko, shy, managed to speak to everyone in the room.

13. we want a flat, our children would rather live in a house.

14. He can be very rude but I can’t help liking him.

15. I realize she can be very annoying but I think you should

apologize for losing your temper with her.

16. . he was late, he stopped to buy a sandwich.

17. -It’s not very useful.

-It’s pretty , isn’t it?

17. his poor health, my father was always cheerful.

19. . my room is small, it’s very comfortable.

19. What you said was true but unkind.

20. American cars are generally too large for the Japanese market

Japanese cars are popular in the US.

22. . strong the temptation might be, don’t stay in any job too long.

23. It wasn’t wonderful, it was well acted.

24. I’ll go his objecting to my presence.

25. He’s almost finished I’m just starting my course.

26. _______ most of his friends study hard, he’s quite lazy.

27. I used to read a lot, I never had much time.

28. . you fail, you gain experience.

29. This punishment, perhaps necessary, seems rather severe.

30. much you object, he will carry his point.

31. . tired, he was not disheartened.

32. . I say to them, I can’t keep them quiet.

33. . working hard, he failed the final exam.

32. His family, not noble, seems to have been of some importance.

33. I may fail, I’ll try.

34. John is very careful Christopher makes a lot of mistakes.

35. We didn’t like the hotel at all. , we still enjoyed ourselves.

36. She had a bad knee, she won the game.

37. The south is hot and dry the north gets quite a lot of rain.

38. The old system had its flaws but it seemed fairer than the poll

tax.

41. You seem to be fond of her. — . I can’t stand her.

42. He is undoubtedly the best player in the team. , he is very

unpopular with the other members.

43. He dresses in shabby clothes and, frankly, looks a tramp.

_, he’s one of our most brilliant concert pianists.

44. The first two witnesses could scarcely be heard. , the third one

spoke out clearly.

Exercise 14. Connect the ideas using appropriate contrast linkers.

1, The UAE (United Arab Emirates) have plenty of oil. Byelorussia has none.

2. They want a house. We’d rather live in a flat.

3. Does it rain a lot in the desert? It hardly ever rains there.

4. I know this job of mine isn’t well- paid. I don't have to work long hours.

5 - I hear you're enjoying your new |job. - I find it rather dull.

2. It rarely rains in the desert. It rains a lot in the coastal areas.

7. It is hot in the desert in the day. It’s very cold there at night.

8. The coastal areas have mild winters. The central plains become extremely cold.

9. This year’s fall in profits was not unexpected. It’s very disappointing.

10. You can use beer yeast for bread making. You can use bread yeast for brewing beer.

11. The company’s profits have fallen slightly. It is not a serious problem.

12. I'd hoped there might be a job for me. It wasn't to be.

13. My car is very old. It still runs very well.

14. The offenders were dealt with firmly. They were dealt with fairly.

15. He was hard-working. There was never enough money to pay the bills.

16. He’s a bad manager. There’s no reason to dismiss him.

17. He sounds hoarse. He’s got a sore throat.

18. Both men say they are innocent. One of them must be lying.

19. War is a terrible thing. I believe we must defend our land.

20. The price increase will obviously be unpopular. It is unlikely to reduce

demand.

21. We have good reason to feel pleased with our progress. We mustn’t get complacent.

22. I have never been an enemy of monarchy. I consider monarchies essential.

23. The Russian federation has an area 25. This newspaper story could of 17 mln. square km. The tiny state of damage their reputation. It will give Monaco has an area of only 1,6 km². them a lot of free publicity

24. You may feel that you should have received the award. I feel that the judges made the right decision.

Exercise 15. Cross out the incorrect option. Sometimes both answers may be correct.

1. Although/ In spite of we left late, we still got there in time.

2. It was a fantastic evening although/ in spite of the terrible food.

3. We have decided to go in spite of/ despite the cost of the tickets.

4. They enjoyed the course even though/ whereas it was very difficult.

5. 1 love the sea while/ whereas most of my friends prefer the mountains.

6. We both told John the car was too expensive. However/ On the other hand, he still decided to buy it.

7. During the week the town centre is very busy. Whereas/ On the other hand, at the weekend it is very quiet and almost empty.

8. - It is the most significant novel of the twentieth century.

- By contrast/ On the contrary. I wouldn’t light a fire with it!

9. Tim completed the race in 4 minutes 32.5 seconds, the slowest time for several years. However/ Nevertheless, it was enough to win him the gold medal.

10. I always enjoy sailing even though/ even if the sea is rough.

Exercise 16. Complete the sentences in a logical way.

1. I was able to follow what he was saying, even though ..

2. I was able to follow what he was saying whereas

3. We enjoyed the holiday in spite of

4. The exam is very difficult. However,

5. Although it was a very long film,

6. John had great difficulties playing cricket. On the other

hand,

COMPARISON AND CONTRAST

Excrcise 17. Proofread the sentences.

1. The film was boring, although we continued to watch it.

2. They still got burgled despite of all their elaborate security precautions.

3. It doesn’t matter however cold it gets, he never wears a coat.

4. . She has a degree from Oxford University, though she’s still incredibly lacking in self-confidence.

5. She treats him even though he was her own son.

6. In spite of we take the fast train, we still arrived 20 minutes later.

7. Allhough I’m sure the bill is absolutely correct, but I’d still like to check it.

8. I had to accept the fact, though improbable it was.

Exercise 18. Paraphrase the following sentences, using the means of expressing comparison and contrast, so that the meaning remains the same.

1. Those silly horoscopes say that women Pisces are not as sociable as men are.

2. Thinking about it makes me feel more and more confused.

3. I didn't get angry with him. I rather felt sad.

4. When parents get older, they become difficult to deal with.

5. It was cold last week, but now it's warmer.

6. They were so shabby dressed that everyone took them for beggars.

7. His father always gets drunk on Saturdays, and so does Mike.

8. He acts like lie's the boss.

9. He spoke as if pretending to be more intelligent than everybody else.

10. A cat is an extremely self-willed animal. A dog is used to obeying his master.

11. Mary was driving the car. Her husband was asleep in the back.

12. The firm was accommodating the customers. It was making aggressive demands.

13. Fred gambled his money away. Linda spent hers all on dresses & bric-a-brac.

14. It was pronounced badly, but he managed to recognize his name.

15. There was nothing dowdy or ugly about her dress. She had a certain private elegance.

16. You might be late, but it doesn't matter.

17. Whoever you live with, you'll have the same problem.

18. I'll do it. I really will! And I don't care a bit about what he thinks!

19. I'll gо there, even if mother says no.

20. - Do you think he will come if it snowing?

- Yes, sure he will. He never breaks promises!

19. A new government took power, but the economic situation continued to

deteriorate.

19. He was 20 years older, but they were great friends with Annie

20. - You'll get tired of it. No , I'll enjoy it!

Exercise 19. Translate the sentences into English using appropriate linking

expressions with the meaning of comparison or contrast.

1. Даже если ты не любишь памятники старины, замок Уорвик посетить стоит.

2. В то время как многие из нас понимают, что стресс является медицинской проблемой, лишь немногие осознают, насколько подвержены стрессам сами врачи. (stress-prone)

3. Джек такой тихоня, а его брат же, наоборот, сорвиголова (dare-devil).

4. Ричард — человек ненадежный и постоянно все забывает, но я его, тем не менее, люблю, так как он меня веселит.

5. Если он не в настроении - не стоит его ни о чем просить. И наоборот, когда у него хорошее настроение, он все готов сделать.

6. Несмотря на отсутствие опыта, он пошел на повышение.

7. Ивану Ленделю так и не удалось за 18 лег стать чемпионом Уимбелдона I несмотря на тот факт, что он дважды играл в финале.

8. Некоторые актеры любят, чтобы их все время окружала толпа людей, в то время как другие предпочитают одиночество.

9. -Там бывают ливни?

-Напротив, дожди в этой области крайне редки.

10. Хотя он начал работать в компании совсем недавно, к нему относились так же, как к другим сотрудникам.

11. Я не болен, напротив, я здоров как никогда.

12. Действительно. Алфонсо часто опаздывает, но с другой стороны, с отлично справляется со всей работой, которую ему поручают.

13. Невзирая на травму, Алданитн - явный кандидат на участие в гонках. I

14. Несмотря на все свои заверения и обещания, он не вернулся.

15. Я не мог пошевелиться - ноги будто к полу приросли.

16. Она заплатила, хотя и могла пройти бесплатно.

17. Но стул выдержал, хотя я слышал, как угрожающе скрипнула одна ножек.

18. И хотя я знаю, что это опасно, я всё равно хочу пой ти.

19. Я закончу эту работу, сколько бы времени это ни заняло.

20. Джеймс её нанял, невзирая на то, что она никогда не пела на сцене.

21. «Мы принимаем во внимание тот факт, что мистер Макгрегор тяжело болен», сказал доктор Лыоис. «Всё равно, он не должен грубить медсестрам».

1.3. TIME

Exercise 1. Rewrite the sentences using the correct structures with the following linkers: no sooner... than, hardly... when. Comment upon their inclining. Consult the examples.

Examples: No sooner had he closed his eyes than he fell asleep.

We had no sooner sat down than we found it was time to go.

Hardly had he uttered the words when he began laughing.

The local police had hardly finished their examination when the ( ID inspector arrived.

1. The moment lie was inside his cabin, the door opened again.

2. She had taken the knife from its hiding place and suddenly dropped it.

3. As soon as the ambassador had begun speaking, he was again interrupted by the president.

4. The moment the meeting had begun a shareholder leapt to his feet.

5. I was called out again immediately I closed my eyes.

6. She left the house. Her mobile phone rang.

7. As soon as Rob set out, the storm broke.

8. Jessica opened the door. The bird flew out of the cage.

9. They returned home and immediately realised that their house had been burgled.

10. Helen set the table. The guests arrived.

Exercise 2.

a) Identify the "special features" of before, until, till, earlier, previously and hitherto. Think of the difference in their meanings.

3. These expeditions marked a significant change in British policy. Hitherto they had been fighting a defensive war in Europe and America.

b) Now insert the appropriate linker (from given above) into the gaps.

1. I was already an old person I stopped acting in that way.

2. Would you mind not questioning Pauline you have studied the

journal?

3. They had known each other for only three months he left Brisbane.

4. She was a trifle unbalanced, perhaps even suicidal at the time. , she

had attacked and beaten a complete stranger.

5. He took a pencil out of his jacket and fumbled around he found an

old envelope.

6. He'll have to wait we've finished here.

7. Floods have ruined the roads and communications. , they washed

away the crops.

8. At this rate we'll capsize we get to Rocky isle.

9. . she had time to say a word, Andrew appeared.

1. She had put the phone down he could press her for an answer.

2. He could authorize nothing he had spoken to the new minister.

3. People always interrupted him he had finished what he was trying

to say.

4. Read the document carefully you sign it.

5. They have recently identified the species of moth. they

enthusiastically expressed quite contradictory views.

6. He says he has never been in contact with him. , however, he

claimed they were friends.

Exercise 3. Choose the correct linking word. Explain your choice.

1. It was crazy that Dad was home simultaneously/ while his wife was working.

2. She had just crept out while/meanwhile he slept.

3. Someone else fetches the horse whilst/in the meantime the owner is at work.

4. She grinned to herself as/simultaneously she lay awake in the dormitory.

5. As/while he looked at the coin, his whole expression changed.

6. The telephone began to ring as/in the meantime he unlocked the door.

7. "Did you get my letters?" — "I received one just as/meanwhile I was setting out."

8. I'll never forget those soldiers as long as/whilst I live.

9. I will be back with them as soon as I can," he promised. "Whilst/in the meantime, try to get some rest."

10. The government will manage the company until it can be dismantled or sold.

Meanwhile/In the meantime₃ its 28 offices will remain open.

11. Elizabeth dried her hair and changed her clothes. As long as/ Meanwhile 1 fiddled with the tape recorder.

12. Saute the onion and celery in a small frying pan. Simultaneously/Meanwhile melt the margarine in a saucepan.

13. At that moment a vivid bolt of lightning flashed across the cove. While/ Simultaneously a deafening crack split the air.

14. The program uses so little of the computer's processing power that it is possible to do other things as long as/at the same time.

Exercise 4. Transform the following time clauses into impersonal ones.

Example: When they were making records in the 1920s, sound engineers often made two recordings for safety's sake When making records in the 1920s, sound engineers often made two recordings for safety's sake.

1. When they were lifting weights off the floor, bend your knees and keep your back straight and long.

2. After it had been colonized by Spain, Haiti was ceded to France in 1697.

3. It was certainly the best meal I had had since I left home.

4. The people will report to you before they make any major decisions.

5. The 65-year-old accepted his judgement until he heard a radio broadcast in 1988 about a similar case.

6. We decided to maximize our return on each product while we hoped our superior quality would win out.

7 Water is liquid, but when it is heated it becomes vapour and when it is frozen it is solid.

8. A man is guilty until he is proved innocent.

9. Grill for 15 to 20 minutes, turning occasionally until it is cooked.

10. On the other hand, once you have seen this apartment, who’d have the

courage to complain ?

11. The full figures, when they are available, will show imports remaining at a

high level.

12. We avoided one another, whenever it was possible.

13. Greenwood continued to talk daily with Fennymore while he was in Florida.

14. Once she was inside her apartment she felt an urge to brush her teeth.

15. Cover and put in a cool place until it is ready to serve.

Exercise 5. Translate into English.

1. В ожидании пока вода закипит, она еще раз заглянула в гостиную.

2. Когда закончите, Вас проводят в Вашу комнату.

3. Это случилось в тот день, когда из банка мне пришло уведомление.

4. Много воды утекло с тех пор.

5. Ему придется подождать, пока мы не закончим.

6. Внимательно прочтите инструкцию, прежде чем приступите к эксплуатации.

7. Едва она вошла, как объявили ее очередь выступать.

8. Сейчас это музей. Ранее здесь располагался его рабочий кабинет.

9. Как только поверхность высохнет, запах исчезнет.

10. Я пойду сушить волосы, а ты пока посмотри журнал.

11. Ты мне понадобишься через час, а до тех пор можешь отдохнуть.