Pollution Prevention and Control

Good pollution prevention practices in the indus­try focus on the following main areas:

• Prevent the formation of molds on edible materials by controlling and monitoring air humidity.

• Use citric acid instead of phosphoric acid, where feasible, in degumming operations.

• Where appropriate, give preference to physical refining rather than chemical refining of crude oil, as active clay has a lower environmental impact than the chemicals generally used.

• Reduce product losses through better production control.

• Maintain volatile organic compounds (VOCs) well below explosive limits. Hexane should be below 150 mg/m³ of air (its explosive limit is 42,000 mg/m³).

• Provide dust extractors to maintain a clean workplace, recover product, and control air emissions.

• Recover solvent vapors to minimize losses.

• Optimize the use of water and cleaning chemicals.

• Recirculate cooling waters.

• Collect waste product for use in by-products such as animal feed, where feasible without exceeding cattle-feed quality limits.

Exercise 2. Answer the questions to the text.

1. What does vegetable oil processing industry involve?

2. What are vegetable oils used for?

3. What are vegetable oils extracted from?

4. What does preparation of raw material include?

5. What are the main steps of processing?

6. What is done to residues?

7. What does crude oil refining include?

8. What kinds of wastes are generated during processing?

9. What do pollution prevention practices in the indus­try focus on?

Exercise 3. Make the sentences of your own with the following verbs:

to involve, to extract, to refine, to deodorize, to include, to husk, to clean, to crush, to boil, to evaporate, to press, to feed, to filter, to separate, to recover.

Exercise 4. Speak about the main facts described in the text according to a short plan:

1. Processing.

2. Wastes.

3. Measures.

TASK 3

Exercise 1. Read and translate the text.

The Oil of the Future

Camelina oil is ideal for salad dressings, sauces, and gravies, as well as frying and baking, while camelina oil-based dress­ing and relish can be used to enhance the taste of meat, fish, vegetables, salads, and dips. Camelina seed can be used in baking, mixed with yoghurt and cereals – as can camelina oilseed cake – sprinkled on sal­ads, or eaten as such.

The healthy properties, stability, and almond-like tasty aroma of camelina oil make it an attractive ingredient for the food industry. Founded in the wake of the success of a research project in the mid-1990s, Camelina currently contract farms Camelina sativa and produces a range of camelina products.

The growing awareness of the value of oils low in saturated fatty acids and high in fatty acids of the omega-3 to omega-6 type has focused many people's and com­panies' attention on finding commercial sources of such oils. One of the plants to have been identified as a useful plant source for these oils is Camelina sativa, a member of the mustard family with many potential uses in both food and non-food applications.