Exercise 6. Make the sentences of your own with the following words and word combinations:

vacuum extraction, to be stored, to expose to sunlight, to press, an important ingredient, by-product.

Exercise 7. Fill in a table using the information from the text.

Food value	Sources	Conditions of storage	Stages of raw material preparation	Main stages of oil extraction	Methods of oil extraction	Machines used in processing

Exercise 8. Translate the sentences from Russian into English.

1. Жиры в различных количествах входят в состав почти всех пищевых продуктов и являются важной их частью.

2. В образовании жиров участвуют как насыщенные жирные кислоты, так и ненасыщенные.

3. В организме человека жиры превращаются в сахар и затем в углекислый газ и воду с выделением значительного количества энергии.

4. Значение жиров в питании обусловлено, во-первых, их высокой энергетической ценностью, а во-вторых, тем, что некоторые жирные кислоты необходимы как витамины для обмена веществ и в этом отношении являются незаменимыми.

5. Говоря о жирах, мы должны четко разделять понятия – животные жиры и растительные масла.

6. Очищенный топленый свиной жир, добавляемый в тесто для рассыпчатости, необходим при приготовлении кондитерских изделий.

7. Животные жиры могут быть получены из жировых тканей мяса с помощью процесса вытопки.

Exercise 9. Speak on one of the following topics:

1. Vegetable oils are the best way to meet your body's daily requirement for fat.

2. The most commonly used oil extraction methods.

3. The packaging and storage of oils.

4. Preparation of the raw material.

5. Extraction of oil.

TASK 2

Exercise 1. Read and translate the text.

Vegetable Oil Processing and Pollution Prevention

Industry Description and Practices

The vegetable oil processing industry involves the extraction and processing of oils and fats from vegetable sources. Vegetable oils and fats are principally used for human consumption but are also used in animal feed, for medicinal purposes, and for certain technical applications. The oils and fats are extracted from a variety of fruits, seeds, and nuts. The preparation of raw materials includes husking, cleaning, crushing, and conditioning. The extraction processes are generally mechanical (boiling for fruits, pressing for seeds and nuts) or involve the use of solvent such as hexane. After boiling, the liquid oil is skimmed; after pressing, the oil is filtered; and after solvent extraction, the crude oil is separated and the solvent is evaporated and recovered. Residues are conditioned (for example, dried) and are repro­cessed to yield by-products such as animal feed. Crude oil refining includes degumming, neutralization, bleaching, deodorization, and further refining.

Waste Characteristics

Dust is generated in materials handling and in the processing of raw materials, including in the cleaning, screening, and crushing operations. For palm fruit, about 2–3 cubic meters of waste-water is generated per metric ton of crude oil (m³/t). The wastewater is high in organic con­tent, resulting in a biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) of 20,000–35,000 milligrams per liter (mg/1) and a chemical oxygen demand (COD) of 30,000–60,000 mg/1. In addition, the wastewaters are high in dissolved solids (10,000 mg/1), oil and fat residues (5,000–10,000 mg/l), organic ni­trogen (500–800 mg/1), and ash residues (4,000–5,000 mg/l). Seed dressing and edible fat and oil processing generate approximately 10–25 m³ of wastewater per metric ton of product. Most of the solid wastes (0,7–0.8 t/t of raw material), which are mainly of vegetable origin, can be processed into by-products or used as fuel. Molds may be found on peanut kernels, and aflatoxins may be present.