- •Методические указания
- •Часть I Новополоцк 2003
- •Contents
- •Unit 1 Grammatical Structure of the English Language
- •Sentence Structure
- •The Verb Group
- •Simple and Continuous Aspects Stative and Dynamic Verbs
- •Unit 2 Talking About the Present
- •Unit 3 talking about the future
- •Contrast: ‘be going to’-future versus Present Continuous as future
- •Contrast: ‘be going to’ versus ‘will’
- •Contrast: Future Continuous versus Future Simple
- •Future Perfect Simple and Continuous
- •Other ways of referring to the future
- •Unit4 talking about the past
- •Unit 5 past indefinite and past progressive Past Indefinite
- •Past Progressive
- •Sentence patterns with Past Simple and Past Progressive
- •Unit 6 present perfect and present perfect progressive Present Perfect
- •Present Perfect Progressive
- •Present Perfect versus Past Simple
- •Unit 7 past perfect and past perfect progressive
- •Unit 8 means of expressing future actions
- •Viewed from the past
- •Unit 9 the rules of the sequence of tenses
- •Unit 10 reporting what people say or think
- •Unit 11 passive voice
- •Forms of the Passive.
- •Meaning and use.
- •Passive constructions.
- •Agents and objects with the Passive.
- •Prepositions with the Passive.
- •Not using the Passive.
- •Causative. Structures with ‘get, have, make’.
- •Unit 12 tag questions and echo questions
- •Types of tag questions
- •Tag questions with a falling intonation.
- •Tag questions with a rising intonation.
- •Tag questions with a rising intonation.
- •Tag questions with a falling intonation.
- •Echo Tags
Министерство образования Республики Беларусь
УО «Полоцкий государственный университет»
Методические указания
по практической грамматике английского языка
для студентов 1 курса специальности
“Английский язык (с дополнительной специальностью)”
Часть I Новополоцк 2003
Одобрены и рекомендованы к изданию
Методической комиссией историко-филологического факультета
Кафедра английского языка
Составитель
Т.А. КОНЕВА, старший преподаватель
Н.В. УДАЛОВА, преподаватель, магистр филологических наук
Рецензенты
С.В. ПЕШКУН, ст. преподаватель, магистр филологических наук
С.Е. ЗАЙКОВСКАЯ, преподаватель
Настоящие Методические указания предназначены для самостоятельной работы студентов 1-го курса историко-филологического факультета специальности «Английский язык (с дополнительной специальностью)» по дисциплине «Практическая грамматика английского языка» по теме «Глагол».
УО «Полоцкий государственный университет», 2003
Contents
Unit 1. Grammatical Structure of the English Language………………………... |
4 |
Unit 2. Talking about the Present………………………………………………... |
7 |
Unit 3. Talking about the Future………………………………………………… |
9 |
Unit 4. Talking about the Past…………………………………………………… |
13 |
Unit 5. Past Indefinite and Past Progressive…………………………………….. |
15 |
Unit 6. Present Perfect and Present Perfect Progressive………………………… |
17 |
Unit 7. Past Perfect and Past Perfect Progressive……………………………….. |
22 |
Unit 8. Means of Expressing Future Actions Viewed from the Past……………. |
25 |
Unit 9. The Rules of the Sequences of Tenses…………………………………... |
26 |
Unit 10. Reporting What People Say or Think………………………………….. |
29 |
Unit 11. Passive Voice…………………………………………………………... |
32 |
Unit 12. Tag Questions and Echo Questions……………………………………. |
36 |
References……………………………………………………………………….. |
39 |
Unit 1 Grammatical Structure of the English Language
Languages may be synthetic and analytical according to their grammatical structure. English is an analytical language and has few grammatical inflections, the grammatical relations between words are expressed by means of form words and word order (e.g. the roof of the house). Most words are not inflected at all and devoid of any word-forming morphemes which could show that words belong to a certain class and therefore a great number of words (both notional and functional) may easily pass from one class to another, their status is determined mainly syntactically, by their function in the sentence.
Analytical forms are mostly proper to verbs. An analytical verb-form consists of one or more form words, which have no lexical meaning and only express one or more of the grammatical categories of person, number, tense, aspect, voice, mood, and one notional word, generally an infinitive or a participle:
He has come.
I am reading.
However, the structure of a language is never purely synthetic or purely analytical. Accordingly, in the English language there are:
endings: -s, -ed;
inner flexions: man-men;
synthetic forms of the Subjunctive Mood: were, be, etc.