III. Transform the following sentences using gerundial phrases instead of the subordinate clauses.

Model: I think I’ll go to Washington next week. – I think of going to Washington next week.

1. That American thinks he’ll join the Democratic Party.

2. Tom thinks he’ll vote for Barack Obama in next president election.

3. Ann thought she would take a taxi to get to the White House.

4. The politicians thought they would adopt that bill.

5. She thought they would sell the house in the country and buy a small flat in New York.

6. The President thinks he will appoint Mr. Smith to a federal judge.

IV. Transform the following sentences using gerundial phrases instead of the subordinate clauses.

Model: After he graduated from university, he was elected as a trustee to run a fire department. – After graduating from university he was elected as a trustee to run a fire department.

1. After the President signed the bill, he felt relief. The new law was of great importance for American working class.

2. Before he was elected a governor, he was a member of the state legislature.

3. After he wrote an appeal to the Supreme Court, he dialed his attorney’s phone number.

4. Before he became a federal judge, he received the approval of the Senate.

5. After he was appointed the US ambassador to Ukraine, he started studying the Ukrainian language.

Lesson 3

Washington, D.C.

Text: Washington, D.C.

Grammar: Verbs Followed by the Gerunds

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Active Vocabulary

to found unique Potomac River scrap paper to load output to make law to occupy skyscraper hollow to surround memory freedom slave temple cemetery

[faVnd] [jH'nIk] [pq'tqVmqk] ['skrxp 'peIpq] [lqVd] ['aVtpVt] ['meIk 'lL] ['PkjVpaI] ['skaIskreIpq] ['hPlqV] [sq'raVnd] ['memqrI] ['frJdqm] [sleIv] ['templ] ['semqtrI]

засновувати неповторний, унікальний річка Потомак макулатура вантажити продукція видавати закони займати, орендувати хмарочос порожній, порожнистий оточувати пам’ять свобода раб храм кладовище

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Read the text and answer the questions. Washington, d.C.

Officially founded on July 16, 1790, Washington, D.C. is unique among American cities because it was established by the Constitution of the United States to serve as the nation’s capital. The city was named after the first president George Washington. It is located on the north bank of the Potomac River. Washington is not the largest city in the USA. It has a population of 900,000 people.

Washington is a one-industry city. That industry is government. It does not produce anything except very much scrap paper. Every day 25 railway cars leave Washington loaded with scrap paper. The city’s main output is taking laws and government decisions. Besides, Washington is the residence of the President and the Congress of the United States.

The White House is the place where the president of the USA lives and works. This house was first occupied in 1800 by John Adams, who was the first president to live in that house. The White House has 132 rooms. All American pre­sidents except George Washington (the White House was not yet built in his time) lived in the White House. It is a two-storeyed building which was built in 1799.

Washington is one of the most beautiful and unusual cities in the United States.

One reason Washington looks different from other cities is that no building in the city may be more than 40 metres tall. There are no skyscrapers, because they would hide the city’s many monuments from view. One can easily find a park, a square or an open area there.

The Capitol is the centre of the city. It was built according to the plans of William Thornton, who was an amateur architect. It is situated on Capitol Hill. Not far from the Capitol there is Washington Monument, which looks like a very big pencil. It rises 160 metres and is hollow inside. A special lift brings visitors to the top in 70 seconds from where they can enjoy a beautiful view of the whole city.

Jefferson Memorial was built in memory of the third President of the USA, Thomas Jefferson, who was also the author of the Declaration of Independence. The memorial is surrounded by cherry-trees.

Lincoln Memorial is devoted to the memory of the 16^th President of the USA, the author of Emancipation Proclamation, which gave freedom to Negro slaves in America. Lincoln Memorial is designed like a Greek temple. The dominant figure is the realistic figure of Abraham Lincoln seated in the centre of the open temple.

On the other bank of the Potomac lies the Arlington National Cemetery where President Kennedy was buried. American soldiers and officers, who died in World War I and World War II are buried there too.

Washington is a large scientific and cultural centre. There are five universities, a lot of research institutes, the National Academy of Sci­ences and the Library of Congress.

1. When was Washington, D.C. officially founded?

2. What is the population of the capital of the USA?

3. Where is it located?

4. Is it a well-developed industrial city?

5. What is the residence of the USA’s President?

6. What president was the White House first occupied by?

7. There are a lot of skyscrapers in Washington, aren’t there?

8. Is the Capitol or the Pentagon the heart of the city?

9. What places of historic interest are there in Washington?

10. Why is Washington considered to be a large scientific and cultural centre?

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