4. Em based on the violation of word-order in the sentence structure (inversion, distant position of the syntactically connected units of the sentence, detachment).

Inversion is a stylistic device in which the direct word order is changed into either completely so that the predicate (predicative) precedes the subject, or partially so that the object precedes the subject-predicate pair.

There are two types of inversion: grammatical and stylistic. Grammatical inversion is typical of interrogative and negative-interrogative sentences.

e.g. "What are you doing here?" (J. Galsworthy)

Stylistic inversion is used for emotional or semantic singling out of any component of the sentence. Inversion can be complete or partial [13:148-149].

e.g. From behind me came Andrew's voice (S. Chaplin). - complete inversion

e.g. To his orderly he was at first cold and just and indifferent

(D. Lawrence). - partial inversion

Distant position of the syntactically connected units of the sentence is an expressive means based on the potential ability of the components of the sentence to change their position towards one another in the sentence without changing of their functions in the given sentence.

e.g. There was a world of anticipation in her voice, and of confidence too, as she walked past me onto the terrace… (D. Du Maurier).

Detachment (isolation) is an expressive means based on singling out of a secondary member of the sentence with the help of punctuation (intonation).

e.g. There was a little girl in Alaska, her name appealed to me, Heather Falls (T. Capote).

Practically, any secondary part of the sentence may be detached:

Attribute: "Very small and child-like, he never looked more than fourteen."

Appositive: "Brave boy, he saved my life and shall not regret it."

(M. Twain)

Adverbial modifier: "And my soul from out that shadow that lies floating on the floor shall be lifted nevermore!" (E. Poe)

Direct object: "Talent, Mr. Micawber has, capital, Mr. Micawber has not." (Ch. Dickens)

Prepositional object: "It was indeed, to Forsyte eyes, an odd house."

(J. Galsworthy) [16:94].

The general stylistic effect of detachment is strengthening, emphasizing the word (or phrase) in question. Besides, detachment imparts additional syntactical meanings to the word or phrase.

Questions for Discussion

1. Explain the peculiarities of the classification of expressive means of the syntax.

2. Speak on the difference between nominative sentences and ellipses.

3. What are the types of inversion according to the meaning?

4. Speak on the classification of inversion according to its structure.

5. Name the types of repetition according to O. Morokhovsky's classification.