Part 2 text b

Essential vocabulary

accommodate air waybill lane arrival attribution boost call at carriage coaster control tower cruise customs regulations departure discharge double-stack train dry dock duty-free efficient feeder service flight freightliner gauge goods train govern halt at handle harbour hinterland landing launch liner link ocean bill of lading pile up quay rail consignment note river bill of lading rolling stock runway serve schedule shipping line shipyard site take-off terminus (pl. termini) through train tramp truck/freight car vessel

містити авіавантажна накладна морський шлях; траса польоту прибуття спроможність, зайнятість сприяти зупинятися пасажирський вагон каботажне судно диспетчерська вишка крейсувати митні положення відправка розвантажувати, вивантажувати вільний від мита ефективний служба доставки рейс, політ контейнерський (вантажний потяг) ширина колії, колійний шаблон товарний потяг управляти зупинятися керувати гавань, порт віддалена від берега частина країни приземлення спускати судно на воду лайнер зв’язувати, поєднувати накладна для морських перевезень складати в купу, нагромаджувати причал накладна для перевезень залізничною дорогою накладна для річних перевезень рухомий состав злітно-посадочна смуга обслуговувати намічати, планувати лінія морських перевезень верф розташовувати(ся) зліт кінцева станція, вокзал (на кінцевій станції) поїзд прямого сполучення вантажне судно; судно, що працює на різних рейсах відкрита товарна платформа судно, корабель

1. Read and translate the text using essential vocabulary (Jigsaw method).

Besides the road transport – or haulage –, an operator may choose between air transport, rail transport or shipping.

Air transport

Air transport can be used to carry both freight and passengers. Transporting goods planes are chosen when the goods are valuable, fragile or urgently needed. The carrier is an airline. An air terminal may either be a large airport or a smaller airfield. To be efficient, an airport must be well planned and sited, with convenient access roads linking it to the near-by city. Airport activities and traffic are organized by the control tower, where air-traffic controllers handle the traffic by coordinating the arrivals and departures of the various flights scheduled all through the day. Coordination of flights does not only concern the management of the runways, that is the organization of take-offs and landings, but also the attribution of air lanes which avoid any accident between planes cruising on similar air routes. The transport document necessary when goods are dispatched by air is the air waybill.

Railway transport

Rail transport is also organized along two main activities: passenger traffic and freight traffic. Passenger trains, made up of carriages pulled by an engine, are classified according to the number of stations they halt at before the terminus. Intercity services are the most common ones in Britain, with trains that ply between cities at regular intervals. Some of these trains, express trains, only call at a few stations, while through trains serve their termini without halting on their way at all. Freight traffic is run differently, according to the type of goods to be carried. Originally, the rolling stock (i.e. the engines and wagons) has to be adapted to the different sorts of packaging. Hence, goods trains were made up of various trucks – or freight cars (US) – such as refrigerated vans or tank wagons – or tankers, for example. When arriving at the goods depot, the truckload – or wagonload – was discharged on the platform and could either await collection or be transhipped onto other means of conveyance. With the development of containerization, the goods trains are gradually replaced by freightliners carrying all sorts of goods in standardized containers. In some countries, such as the US, these containers can be piled up on the same truck to form “double-stack trains”. International rail transport however has to meet material problems, such as, e.g. the difference of gauge between the French and Spain rail networks. The transport document needed for railway transport is the rail consignment note.

Domestic and ocean shipping

When sending goods by ship, the carrier is the shipping line. Domestic shipping runs on inland waterways such as rivers, lakes and canals. One important service provided by domestic shipping is the feeder service, which brings goods along inland waterways to the international quays where they can be loaded directly onto ocean-going ships for transportation abroad. The transport document used specifically for domestic shipping is the river bill of lading.

Ocean shipping runs on the open sea or ocean. There are several types of sea-going ship which carries cargo:

- Liners sail on fixed routes and keep to a schedule. They mainly transport general cargo.

- Tramps take any cargo they can get and sail to any port required. They do not follow a schedule or any fixed route.

- Coasters travel from one port to another along the coast of a country. They are not used for international shipping.

The transport document used specifically for ocean shipping is the ocean bill of lading.

Shipping is related with “ports” that include the harbour, the city where it is sited, and the area which it serves: the hinterland. A port offers all kinds of services to international trade, incl. a shipyard where vessels are built. Shiprepairs may take place in a dry dock or floating dock which can accommodate all kinds of vessels, except the largest ones. There are different sorts of ports:

- The home port is the port where a vessel was registered when launched, hence its other name, “port of registry”.

- The port where a vessel starts with her cargo is referred to as the “loading port”, or “port of shipment”.

- On her way, the vessel stops in various ports of call where it receives new parcels and part of her cargo may be unloaded.

- The port where goods are finally unloaded is called the port of discharge – or “port of destination” – although the latter expression is mostly used for the port situated at the end of the complete voyage.

- Finally, a port may be governed by special customs regulations in order to boost trade: it is called a free port, so named because goods can be unloaded there duty-free during a given period.