Значение и употребление глаголов should и ought (to)

№ n/n	Значение или употребление	Тип предложения	Инфинитив	Пример	Перевод
1.	Моральное обязательство	Утвердительное, отрицательное	Неперфект ный	You should (ought to) be always polite. You should not (ought not to) tell lies.	Следует всегда быть вежливым. Не следует врать.
2.	Совет	Утвердительное, отрицательное	Неперфектный	You should (ought to) see a doctor. You shouldn’t (oughtn’t to) go there.	Вам следует показаться врачу. Тебе не следует туда ходить.
3.	Порицание прошлого действия	Утвердительное, отрицательное	Перфект ный	You should (ought to) have helped me. You shouldn’t (ought not to) have done it.	Тебе следовало мне помочь. Не следовало тебе этого делать.
4.	Предположение	Утвердительное, отрицательное	Неперфект ный	He should (ought to) be at home now. There should (ought to) be no difficulties.	Он, должно быть, сейчас дома. Не должно быть никаких трудностей.

Exercises

1. For each situation write a sentence with should or shouldn't + one of the following:

go away for a few days go to bed so late look for another job

put some pictures on the walls take a photograph use her car so much

1. (Liz needs a change.) She should go away for a few days.

2. (My salary is very low.) You___

3. (Jack always has difficulty getting up.) He ___

4. (What a beautiful view!) You___

5. (Sue drives everywhere. She never walks.) She___

6. (Bill's room isn't very interesting.) He____

2. Complete the sentences with should (have) + the verb in brackets.

1. Margarette should pass the exam. She's been studying very hard. (pass)

2. You missed a great party last night. You___(come)

3. We don't see you enough. You___ and see us more often. (come)

4. I'm in a difficult position. What do you think I___? (do)

5. I'm sorry that I didn't take your advice. I___ what you said. (do)

6. I'm playing tennis with Jill tomorrow. She___- she's much better than me. (win)

7. We lost the match but we___. We were the better team. (win)

8. 'Is John here yet?' 'Not yet, but he___ here soon.' (be)

9. I posted the letter three days ago, so it___ by now. (arrive)

3. Read the situations and write sentences with should/shouldn't. Some of the sentences are past and some are present.

1. I'm feeling sick. I ate too much. I shouldn’t have eaten so much.

2. That man on the motorbike isn't wearing a helmet. That's dangerous. He___

3. When we got to the restaurant, there were no free tables. We hadn't reserved one.

We___

4. The notice says that the shop is open every day from 8.30. It is 9 o'clock now but the shop isn't open yet___

5. The speed limit is 30 miles an hour, but Catherine is doing 50. She___

6. I went to Paris. A friend of mine lives in Paris but I didn't go to see him while I was there. When I saw him later, he said: You___

7. I was driving behind another car. Suddenly, the driver in front stopped without warning and I drove into the back of his car. It wasn't my fault___

8. I walked into a wall. I wasn't looking where I was going.___

4. Complete the sentences. Use you should + one of these verbs:

clean go take visit watch wear

1. When you play tennis, ___the ball.

2. It's late and you're very tired___ to bed.

3. ___your teeth twice a day.

4. If you have time, ___the Science Museum. It's very interesting.

5. When you're driving, ___a seat belt.

6. It’s too far to walk from here to the station___ a taxi.

5. Write about the people in the pictures. Use Не/She shouldn't

6. You ask a friend for advice. Write questions with Do you think I should...?

1. You are in a shop. You are trying on a jacket, (buy?) You ask your friend:___

2. You can't drive, (learn?) You ask your friend: Do you think___

3. You don't like your job. (get another job?) You ask your friend:___

4. You are going to have a party, (invite Gary?) You ask your friend:___

7. Write sentences with I think... should... or I don't think... should....

1. It's late, … (go home now).

2. That coat is too big for you, …(buy it)

3. You don't need your car, … (sell it)

4. Diane needs a rest, …(have a holiday)

5. Sally and Colin are too young, … (get married)

6. You're not well this morning, … (go to work)

7. James isn't well today, … (go to the doctor)

8. The hotel is too expensive for us, … (stay there)

8. Write a sentence (beginning in the way shown) that means the same as the first sentence.

1. 'I think it would be a good idea to see a specialist,' the doctor said to me.

The doctor recommended that I should see a specialist.

2. 'You really must stay a little longer,' she said to me. She insisted that___.

3. Why don't you visit the museum after lunch?' I said to them. I suggested that___.

4. 'You must pay the rent by Friday,' the landlord said to us. The landlord demanded that___

5. 'Why don't you go away for a few days?' Jack said to me. Jack suggested that___

9. Complete the sentences using should + one of these verbs:

ask be leave listen say worry

1. It's strange that she should be late. She's usually on time.

2. It's funny that you___that. I was going to say the same thing.

3. It's only natural that parents___about their children.

4. Isn't it typical of Ron that he___without saying goodbye to anybody?

5. I was surprised that he___me for advice. What advice could I give him.

6. It's very important that everybody___very carefully.

10. Complete these sentences using if...should.

1. (It's possible that you'll see Tom this evening.)

If you should see Tom this evening, can you ask him to phone me?

2. (It's possible that Ann will arrive before I get home.)

If___, can you look after her until I come?

3. (Perhaps there will be some letters for me while I'm away.)___, can you send them on to this address?

4. (I don't suppose you'll need help but you might.)___, let me know.

Write sentences 3 and 4 again, this time beginning with should.

5. (3)___, can you send them on to this address?

6. (4)___

11. Write sentences with should (have) or ought to (have).

1. Sophie didn't turn off the oven before she went to bed. Sophie should have turned it off.

2. James smokes in the office.

3. The students left the light on in the classroom.

4. People don't keep the beaches clean.

5. My brother didn't send our grandmother a birthday card.

6. They destroyed parts of the rainforest.

12. Rewrite these sentences about what you should do to protect your eyes, using should or ought to.

Example: Do not use a monitor that is fuzzy or distorts the image. - You shouldn't use a monitor that is fuzzy or distorts the image. You oughtn't to use a monitor that is fuzzy or distorts the image.

1. Do not stare at the screen for long periods of time.

2. Avoid placing the monitor so that it reflects a source of bright light, such as a window.

3. Keep the screen clean to prevent distorting shadows.

4. If you work in an office with a large number of computers, do not sit too close to the sides or backs of the monitors.

5. Buy a protective filter that cuts down the ELF (Extremely Low Frequency) emissions.

6. Position your keyboard at the same height as your elbows.

13. Consider the following checklist for your own personal computer. Read and construct the sentences using the modal verbs should or ought to. Then translate the sentences into Russian.

1) No eating, drinking, or smoking near the computer.

2) Don't place the computer near open windows or doors.

3) Don't subject the computer to extreme temperatures.

4) Clean equipment regularly.

5) Place a cable lockon the computer.

6) Use a surge protector.

7) Store diskettes properly in a locked container.

8) Maintain backup copies of all files.

9) Store copies of critical files off site.

TO BE TO

Для выражения необходимости совершить действие согласно предыдущей договоренности или заранее намеченному плану используется глагол to be (to), который переводится на русский язык, как должен, должны для настоящего и будущего времени, должен был, должны были для прошедшего.

I was to meet her at 3 o’clock. Я должен был встретить ее в три часа.

He is to work with all types of Он должен работать со всеми видами

data storage devices. устройств хранения информации.

He is to come here tomorrow. Он должен прийти сюда завтра.

NEED

Глагол need является полумодальным глаголом: может употребляться самостоятельно как знаменательный глагол, и как модальный глагол для выражения необходимости. Если need используется как самостоятельный глагол, все формы он образует по правилам других смысловых глаголов.

Например: I need your advice. Мне нужен твой совет

Do you need an umbrella? It might rain. Тебе нужен зонт? Вероятно, пойдет дождь.

She doesn’t need your advice. Ей не нужен твой совет.

Модальная форма need используется в том случае, если говорится об одном конкретном действии/ явлении.

You needn't do it just now. Тебе не надо этого сейчас делать.

1. Need выражает необходимость. Соответствует русскому «нужно».

Need you work so hard now? Тебе нужно сейчас так много работать?

2) В вопросительных предложениях need используется в тех случаях, если в предложениях выражается сильное сомнение или если говорящий ожидает отрицательный ответ.

Need she go there? Ей ведь не надо туда идти? (в надежде

получить отрицательный ответ)

3) В отрицательных предложениях need в сочетании с перфектным инфинитивом служит для передачи того, что действие, выраженное инфинитивом, было выполнено, но не было необходимым. Это обозначает, что время и силы были потрачены зря. Переводится как «зря, незачем, не к чему было».

You needn't have spent all the money. Зря ты потратил все деньги.

Now we've got nothing left. У нас ничего не осталось.