Значение и употребление глагола must

№ n/n	Значение или употребление	Тип предложения	Инфинитив	Пример	Перевод
1.	Долженствова ние, необходимость	Утвердительное, вопросительное	Неперфект ный, общего вида	I must go. Must I go?	Мне надо идти. Я должен идти?
2.	Запрещение	Отрицательное	Неперфект ный, общего вида	You mustn’t do it.	Не смей (Нельзя) это делать.
3.	Вероятность	Утвердительное	Любой	He must have read the book.	Он, вероятно, читал эту книгу.

Exercises

1 Put in must or mustn’t.

1. You must stay in bed.

2. You ____ go to work.

3. You _____ take some medicine.

4. You _____ eat soup.

5. You _____ drink cold drinks.

6. You _____ hot milk or tea.

7. You _____ eat ice-cream.

8. You _____ stop smoking

2. Put in must or can't.

1. You've been travelling all day. You___be very tired.

2. That restaurant___be very good. It's always full of people.

3. That restaurant___be very good. It's always empty.

4. You're going on holiday next week.You___be looking forward to it.

5. It rained every day during their holiday, so they___have had a very nice time.

6. Congratulations on passing your exam. You___be very pleased.

7. You got here very quickly. You___have walked very fast.

8. Bill and Sue go away on holiday very often, so they___be short of money.

3. Complete the sentences. Use must + one of the verbs:

go go be learn meet wash

1. We___to the bank today. We haven't got any money.

2. Marilyn is a very interesting person. You___her.

3. My hands are dirty. I___them.

4. You___to drive. It will be very useful.

5. I__to the post office. I need some stamps.

6. The game tomorrow is very important for us. We___

7. You can't always have things immediately. You___patient.

4. Complete the sentences with a verb in the correct form.

1. I've lost one of my gloves. I must have dropped it somewhere.

2. They haven't lived here for long. They can't___many people.

3. Ted isn't at work today. He must___ill.

4. Ted wasn't at work last week. He must___ill.

5. (The doorbell rings) I wonder who that is. It can't___Mary. She's still at work at this time.

6. Carol knows a lot about films. She must___to the cinema a lot.

7. Look. Jack is putting on his hat and coat. He must___out.

8. I left my bike outside the house last night and this morning it isn't there any more. Somebody must___it.

9. Ann was in a very difficult situation. It can't___easy for her.

10. There is a man walking behind us. He has been walking behind us for the last 20 minutes. He must___us.

5. Read the situations and use the words in brackets to write sentences with must have and can't have.

1. The phone rang but I didn't hear it. (I / asleep) I must have been asleep.

2. Jane walked past me without speaking, (she / see / me)

3. The jacket you bought is very good quality, (it / very expensive)

4. I haven't seen the people next door for ages, (they / go away)

5. I can't find my umbrella. (I / leave / it in the restaurant last night.

6. Don passed the exam without studying for it. (the exam / very difficult)

7. She knew everything about our plans, (she / listen / to our conversation)

8. Fiona did the opposite of what I asked her to do. (she / understand / what I said)

9. When I woke up this morning, the light was on. (I / forget / to turn it off)

10. The lights were red but the car didn't stop, (the driver / see / the red light)

11. I was woken up in the middle of the night by the noise next door, (the neighbors / have / a party)

6. Complete these sentences with must or have to (in the correct form). Sometimes it is possible to use either; sometimes only have to is possible.

1. It's later than I thought. I must or have to go now.

2. Jack left before the end of the meeting. He___go home early.

3. In Britain many children___wear uniform when they go to school.

4. When you come to London again, you___come and see us.

5. Last night Don became ill suddenly. We___call a doctor.

6. You really___work harder if you want to pass the examination.

7. I'm afraid I can't come tomorrow. I___work late.

8. I'm sorry I couldn't come yesterday. I___work late.

9. Paul doesn't like his new job. Sometimes he___work at weekends.

10. Caroline may___go away next week.

11. We couldn't repair the car ourselves. We___take it to a garage.

12. Julia wears glasses. She___wear glasses since she was very young.

7. Translate from Russian into English using must.

1. Он, должно быть, очень устал. 2. У них даже есть яхта. Они, должно быть, очень богаты. 3. Ты должен уехать завтра утром? 4. Вы не должны опаздывать. 5. Я не должен забывать о своей матери. Я не писал ей целую вечность. Сегодня вечером я должен написать ей письмо. 6. Эта книга очень ценная. Вы не должны ее терять. 7. Неужели вам надо уже уезжать? 8. Я должен признать, что я не прав. 9. Я должна упорно работать над своим английским. 10. Вы должны внимательно слушать учителя на уроке. 11. Ты должен делать уроки каждый день. 12. Вы не должны забывать о своих обязанностях. 13. Вы должны быть осторожны на улице. 14. Она должна быть сейчас дома. 15. Мои друзья, должно быть, дома. 16. Вы, должно быть, очень голодны. 17. Должно быть, очень трудно решать такие задачи. 18. Я должен сегодня повидать своего друга.

8. Put in I must or I had to.

1. I___bank yesterday to get some money.

2. It's late. ___ go now.

3. I don't usually work on Saturdays but last Saturday___work.

4. I___get up early tomorrow. I've got a lot to do.

5. I went to London by train last week. The train was full and___stand all the way.

6. I was nearly late for my appointment this morning___run to get there on time.

9. Fill in: must or have to.

"Welcome on behalf of Newton Industries. I'd like to explain a few of the factory rules. Mr. Newton has said we 1) have to wear overalls at all times. He wants us to arrive at 8 am and we 2) ___clock in. There is a possibility of working overtime but you 3) ___decide whether you want to work extra hours. Mr. Newton insists that we 4) ___have fifteen-minute breaks every three or four hours but we 5) ___choose when we would like those breaks. There is a problem with parking. The city insists we 6) ___use the public garage. They believe parking on the grass is too damaging to public property and I 7) ___say I agree. Finally, as far as health insurance is concerned, you 8) ___register as soon as possible. Are there any questions?"

10. Complete these sentences using don't / doesn't / didn't have to + one of these verbs: do got up go go pay shave wait work

1. I'm not working tomorrow, so I don’t have to get up early.

2. The car park is free – you___to park your car there.

3. I went to the bank this morning. There was no queue, so I___

4. Sally is extremely rich. She___

5. We've got plenty of time. We___ yet.

6. Jack has got a beard, so he___

7. I'm not particularly busy. I've got a few things to do but I___ them now.

8. A man was slightly injured in the accident but he___ to hospital.

11. Complete these sentences with mustn't or don't/doesn't have to.

1. I don't want anyone to know. You mustn’t tell anyone.

2. He___ wear a suit to work but he usually does.

3. I can stay in bed tomorrow morning because I___ go to work.

4. Whatever you do, you___ touch that switch. It's very dangerous.

5. There's a lift in the building, so we___ climb the stairs.

6. You___ forget what I told you. It's very important.

7. Sue___ get up early. She gets up early because she wants to.

8. Don't make so much noise. We___ wake the baby.

9. I___ eat too much. I'm supposed to be on a diet.

10. You ___be a good player to enjoy a game of tennis.

12. Fill in the blanks with may (might), can (could) or must. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. She___ not have missed his remark. It was intended for her.

2. The solution___ have occurred to him too late. He was powerless to change anything.

3. As you grow older you___ realize how wrong you were.

4. Who___ have thought then that the case would be lost?

5. He___ have said it but I___ hardly believe it.

6. You___ have done it for the sake of mother.

7. The mistake___ not have remained unnoticed. It was too bad.

8. You say you rang him up at five in the morning. He___ have been annoyed with you.

9. You___ have said something in your defence. Why didn’t you?

10. I___ tell by the looks on their faces that they were interested in what I was saying.

11. He___ not have forgotten the events of the last few years. They___ be still fresh in his mind.

12. He___ have warned us. It’s so much like him to leave without saying a word.

13. Don’t forget summer is over and you___ catch cold sitting like this. Better come inside and while I fix coffee you___ tell me all about your problem.

14. Judging by the manner people greet you, you___ be a big man here.

15. I___ not have been waiting for more than ten minutes but to me it seemed an age.

13. Fill in the blanks with can, may or must.

1. “Will you know where to go?” “Yes, thank you. I___ always ask my brother.”

2. “I’d give anything to meet that fellow.” “We___ see what___ be done.”

3. She was beginning to want to ask him in but she knew that she___ not do it yet.

4. I’ve other things to attend to which___ be put through immediately.

5. I admire your mother’s looks. She___ have been a lovely girl.

6. The apples are very good. You___ eat them all.

7. “I don’t know why he did it.” “It___ have amused him.”

8. They say the driver___ have been going fifty miles round that blind corner, for the body to have been thrown and injured like it was.

9. You___be very prosperous, Eustace, to own a car like that.

10. Obviously Halivand had worked late the night before, as he___ have done for several nights in a row, because he looked drawn and pale.

11. The water of the pool___ have been heated for it steamed gently in the beams of the lamps.

12. The man danced very well. He___ have spent hours taking lessons, Jack thought.

13. “At least I want to keep my mind occupied.” “You___ get a good book and read it.”

14. We___ not exaggerate the situation.

15. “I thought the English were great lovers of dogs.” “We think American love dollars, but there___ be exceptions.”

14. Translate the following sentences into English using can, may or must wherever possible.

1. Они должны делать, как им сказано.

2. Я не могу уйти, не расплатившись.

3. Они должны вернуть все деньги.

4. Ты мог бы им позвонить и сказать, что не придешь.

5. Я так хотел есть, что чуть не съел все сразу.

6. Мне взять зонт? – Да, похоже, что будет дождь.

7. Ты не мог бы прийти немного попозже?

8. Неужели ты сам это написал?

9. Это просто не может случиться со мной.

10. Может быть, он не захотел выступить.

15. Paraphrase the following sentences with the modals in the Past and Future Tenses:

1) Computers can replace people in dull routine work.

2) The program is a set of instructions that may also include data to be processed.

3) Computer-controlled robots must increase the productivity of industry.

4) They can help in making different decisions.

5) The pupils may work with computers at the lessons.

6) Electric pulses can move at the speed of light.

7) Storage devices must have capacities for the input, output data and programs and for intermediate results.

8) Business minicomputers can perform to 100 million operations per second.

9) In order to solve scientific problems researchers must deal with the language of science – mathematics.

10) Programmers must write application programs in a way that computers can understand.

16. A) Read the instructions about disks and drives:

1) Protect your disks against high temperature. Keep the disk between 5°C and 60°C.

2) Remember to block the disk if you want to be sure that information is not changed or erased by accident.

3) Don't put heavy objects on top of the disk.

4) Magnetic fields can damage the information stored on disks. Don't leave them near the telephone or a magnet.

5) Keep disks away from liquids and humidity.

6) Don't touch the magnetized surface under the metallic cover.

7) Keep the disk in a box or protective case.

8) Don't bend of fold the disk.

B) Work in pairs. Tell each other what you must or mustn't do to protect your disks.

Example: You must keep the disk in a box or protective case.

17. Although there are programs that can prevent virus activity, protecting yourself from viruses depends more on common sense than on building a «fortress» around the computer. Read a few common-sense tips and say what you must do to protect the software from viruses.

1) If your software allows it, follow write-protect measures for your floppy disks before installing any new software. If it doesn't allow it, write-protect the disks immediately after installation.

2) Don't install software unless you know it is safe. Viruses tend to show up on free software acquired from sales representatives, resellers, computer repair people, power users, and consultants.

3) Make your applications (and other executable files) read-only. This will prevent infection, but it can help contain those viruses that attack applications.

4) Stop the so-called sneakernet crowd. This is the group that moves around the office (in sneakers, of course) and prefers to transfer files quickly via floppy disk.

5) Make backups. This is a given: Always back up your hard disk and floppies.

18. Mr. Grumbler doesn't want to have a computer. He gives his standards for technological innovations in his work. Read them and then rewrite the sentences using must.

Example: It is necessary for the computer to use less energy. - The computer must use less energy.

1. It is necessary for the new tool to be cheaper than the one it replaces.

2. It is obligatory for the new tool to be at least as small in scale as the one it replaces.

3. It is obligatory for the innovation to work clearly and demonstrably better than than the one it replaces.

4. It probably uses some form of solar energy.

5. It is obligatory for the new tool to be repairable by a person of ordinary intelligence, provided he has the necessary tools.

6. It is necessary for the innovation to purchasable and repairable as near to home as possible.

7. It is obligatory for the innovation to come from a small, privately owned shop or store that will take it back for maintenance and repair.

8. It is necessary for the new tool not to disrupt or replace anything good that already exists, and this includes family and community relationships.

SHOULD И OUGHT (TO)

Эти модальные глаголы очень близки по значению и поэтому могут рассматриваться вместе.

1) Глаголы should и ought (to) в сочетании с инфинитивом употребляются для выражения морального обязательства совершить действие, относящееся к настоящему или будущему. В этом значении, как правило, употребляется перфектный инфинитив:

You ought to be very serious Тебе следует очень серьезно отно-

about your duties. ситься к своим обязанностям.

Students should be careful using PCs. Студентам следует пользоваться

компьютерами аккуратно.

2) Глаголы should и ought (to) в сочетании с неперфектным инфинитивом употребляются для выражения совета, относящегося к настоящему или будущему:

You ought to see a doctor. Вам следует обратиться к врачу.

She should think very hard Ей стоит серьезно задуматься над

at this problem. этой проблемой.

3) Если глаголы should и ought (to) употребляются с перфектным инфинитивом, то они служат для выражения упрека, порицания того, что сделано (если предложение отрицательное) или не сделано (если предложение утвердительное) в прошлом:

You should have helped me. Тебе следовало мне помочь.

She ought to have used a ruler Ей следовало воспользоваться

in her constructions. линейкой, выполняя построения.

4) Should и ought (to) в сочетании с инфинитивом могут выражать предполагаемое или ожидаемое действие в настоящем или будущем. Следовательно, в этом значении они употребляются только с неперфектным инфинитивом:

You should be hungry by now. Ты, наверное, уже проголодалась.