Uttered Represented Speech

e.g. Then Barley himself was distracted while he tried in his passable French to explain to a tall Palestinian that no, he was afraid he was NOT a member of the Peace Group, old boy, and alas NOT me manager of the hotel either.

In this example the URS proper begins with the word no. Like author's narration it lacks inverted commas and is marked by preservation of the third person instead of the first person and the Past Tense instead of the Present. The peculiarities of the character's speech are as follows: colloquial address old boy, the use of the word no, which is indicative of the dialogue in progress, the repetition of the particle NOT and the interjection alas t0 snow the emotional state of the speaker.

Unuttered Represented Speech or inner monologue

reflects the feelings and thoughts of a character. It resembles indirect speech in shifting tenses (from present to past) and the pronouns (from the first person to the third person) but it also retains some features of direct speech, such as: direct questions, elliptical constructions, breaks, exclamatory words, colloquialisms, etc.

e.g. Unhappily, Andrew began to compound an antipyretic mixture. Spirits of nitre, salicylate of sodium – where the dickens was the soda sal? Oh, there it was!

Sometimes the shift from the author's speech to the represented speech may be difficult to detect.

e.g. "She had not realised till lately now to lose they were, these bonds of love. But thank Heaven she had loosened them," where the only markers of inner monologue are emphatic these and thank Heaven.

Group 4. Stylistic use of structural meaning

Both rhetorical question and litotes are devices, based on the effect of transposition. What is transposition? Broadly speaking, transposition is placing a language sign in the surrounding which is unusual for its functioning.

Rhetorical question (риторический вопрос )

– peculiar interrogative construction which semantically remains a statement;

- does not demand any information but

- serves to express the emotions of the speaker and also

- serves to call the attention of listeners;

- makes an indispensable part of oratoric speech for they very successfully emphasise the orator's ideas.

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a) a special syntactical stylistic device the essence of which consists in reshaping the grammatical meaning of the interrogative sentence; Are these the remedies for a starving and desperate populace?

b) a statement expressed in the form of an interrogative sentence;

c) an utterance in the form of a question which pronounces judgement and also expresses various kind of modal shades of meanings, as doubt, challenge, scorn, irony and so on; Who is here so vile that will not love his country? (W.Shakespeare)

- is generally structurally embodied in complex sentences with the subordinate clause containing the pronouncement;

- may be looked upon as a transference of grammatical meaning

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вопрос, который не предполагает ответа, ставится не для того, чтобы побудить слушателя сообщить нечто неизвестное говорящему, а чтобы привлечь внимание, усилить впечатление, повысить эмоциональный тон, создать приподнятость

Being your slave, what should I do but tend // Upon the hours and times of your desire? (W.Shakespeare - Sonnet LVII) - Для верных слуг нет ничего другого // Как ожидать у двери госпожу. (пер. С.Я.Маршака)

Rhetorical question is a good example of the effect of transposition: orators sometimes use a sentence that has the form of a question instead of an exclamation. Rhetorical question is one that expects no answer. It is asked in order to make a statement rather than to elicit a reply.

e.g. If both ways led to terror and death, what good lay in choice?

Simultaneous realisation of two meanings that of a question and of an assertion endows the utterance with an emotional charge. The effect is the strongest with negative-interrogative sentences which are capable of implying various shades of emotive meaning and modality.

e.g. Are you not much better than they?

Rhetorical questions are most frequently used in dramatic narration and in publicistic style.

Litotes (литота)

– a two-component structure in which two negations are joined to give a possessive evaluation

- the first component is always the negative particle "not", while the second, always negative in semantics, varies in form from a negatively affixed word (as above) to a negative phrase

Her face was not unpretty. (K.Kesey)

It was not unnatural if Gilbert felt a certain embarrassment. (E.Waugh)

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a) is a stylistic device consisting of a peculiar use of negative constructions: the negation plus noun or adjective serves to establish a positive feature in a person or thing

- is a deliberate understatement used to produce stylistic effect: it is a negation that includes affirmation;

- is a means by which the natural logical and linguistic property of negation can be strengthened; He found that this was no easy task.

- is used in different styles of speech, excluding those which may be called the matter-of-fact styles, like official style and scientific prose

b) a construction with two negations

not unlike, not unpromising, not displeased

Soames, with his lips and his squared chin was not unlike a bull dog. (J.Galsworthy)

is a device whereby an affirmation is expressed by denying its contrary. Usually litotes presupposes double negation - one through a negative particle (no, not), the other - through a word with negative meaning.

e.g. Not hopeless. Not without love. Not a coward. Not too awful.

The stylistic function of litotes is to convey doubts of the speaker concerning the exact characteristics of the object, or a feeling, as in the following example: I felt 1 wouldn't say 'no' to a cup of tea.