Ex.3. Then read the Grammar Presentation of the Passive Voice with Perfect and

Continuous Tenses (page 106) and translate the sentences into Russian in writing.

Grammar and Lex

Ex. 1. You and your partner /friends are going on a business trip/holiday. Say what arrangements have been made by you or for you. Follow the Example.

Example: Visas have been obtained.

4 / " , £ ft

-passports (to issue) -inquiries ... (to make)

- tickets (to buy) " _7/> - tourist maps ... (to buy) accommodation IV. (to reserve) - new shoes/bathing suits ... (to buy)

telephone calls ... (tq таЫл - things ... (topack)

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letters ... (to write) ^

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Ex. 2. a) Complete the sentences using the^erbs in brackets in the Present Perfect Passive, b) Say how the company has been reorganised and how the company has benefited from the reorganisation.

, Reorganisation к/

The Starspot company ... (to reorganise^this year. The company's Vice-president ... (to

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make) President of the company. Mr. Hunt:., (to promote) to the post of Sales Manager. As a

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result of the reorganisation new departments ... (to organise), a new factory .л (to build), and a joint-venture ^ (to setup), r

The company has benefited greatly from the reorganisation. Costs\..(to cut). Prices ... (to lowerpMorQ products of the company ... (to buy). Good profits... (to make).

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Ex. 3. Practise the So words and word combinations:

economy, economic, economics 1. Translate into Engii

1. Я давно интересуюсь экономикой.

2. Мы часто принимаем участие в обсуждении экономических вопросов.

3. Наша экономика успешно развивается.

4. Экономика - очень интересная наука.

5. 

   Многие факторы воздействуют на экономическое развитие.

2

1. Are you interested in economics?

2. Have you ever taken part in a conference or workshop on economics?

3. e

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   What do you think about the role of government in the economy?

to ensure vs to insure vs to assure (заверять)

1. Study the illustrative sentences and translate them into Russi

1. Government regulation ensures that business serves the interests of the people.

2. We are doing our best to ensure that the students will be provided with everything they need.

3. Government regulation ensures the quality of consumer goods.

4. Some insurance companies are ready to insure foreign investments.

5. I'd like to assure you that we'll help you to settle your financial problems.

6. She assured me of her support.

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2. Do you agree with 1) and 3)?

inflation, high/low inflation

The verbs which are frequently used with the word inflation are: to rise, to fall to dampen. L Translate into English:

1. В прошлом месяце инфляция выросла.

2. В последнее время инфляция снизилась.

3. Инфляция оказывает воздействие на цены и покупательную способность населения.

   2. Translate into Russian:

Inflation means an increase in thlf average price of all goods and services. Inflation causes problems for businesses: it's difficult to plan production, it's impossible to forecast costs and profits, it's not easy to raise capital (мобилизовать капитал).

3. Why do you think inflation causes problems for businesses?

to control, control Translate into English:

1. Компания контролирует 90% рынка.

2. Правительство пытается контролировать инфляцию.

3. Некоторые отрасли промышленности в США контролируются специальными ведомствами.

4. Правительственные расходы строго контролируются.

5. Расходы компании контролируютсяховётом директоров,

6. Денежная масса в обращении должна строго контролироваться,

to provide

Study the structures with the verb to provide, make up your own sentences.

1. We can provide any information you need.

2. Some parents try to provide their children with every thing they need.

3. We provide financial services to our clients.

4. The task of the government is to provide for the poor.

Ex. 4. Develop the following ideas and explain how:

1. markets coordinate the work of different firms;

2. regulation ensures that business serves the best interests of the people as a whole.

Ex. 5. a) Read the text b) Say what is being done and what has been done under the Deregulation Initiative.

The British Government is of the view that the best way to improve the performance of public sector companies and nationalised industries is to expose them to market forces, through privatisation and the promotion of competition.

Under its Deregulation Initiative the Government:

• is cutting unnecessary controls;

• is giving assistance to business through training and other services;

• has privatised a number of major businesses;

• has transferred about 1,000,000 jobs to the private sector;

• is extending privatisation to some government activities;

• has improved standards of services in the country;

• has reduced administrative burdens on businesses;

Words you may need

performance - работа transfer - зд. переводить (no службе)

expose - подвергнуть воздействию extend - расширять

Ex. 6- a) Read the text, b) Describe the role government plays in the American economy, c) Some people in the U.S. believe that the forms of support mentioned in the text are not enough. What else do you think can be done?

Support of Business by the U.S. Government

Government regulation places burdens^ on business. In recent years regulation has been eased in transportation, communicationsfand finance, but it has been tightened in other areas. At the same time, government supports business in many ways. It provides information and advice, loans and loan guarantees, and direct services.

Information and advice. Many federal agencies collect statistics that are useful for small businesses, farmers, and companies.

Loans and loan guarantees. State and local governments often raise funds and then lend the funds to local businesses at low interest rates, in order to promote growth and jobs. Federal loans and loan guarantees are very important to businesses. In a guaranteed loan, a business borrows from a bank and the government promises to repay the loan if the borrower cannot do so.

Direct services. Businesses benefit from different services provided by governments at all levels. The most important of all is the supply of trained people provided by public schools and universities;

Words and word combination you may need

ease - ослаблять, смягчать

raise funds - изыскивать средства

tighten - делать напряженным, усиливать

Ex. 7. Sum up Text A (orally/in writing).

Situation: Imagine you have been asked to describe the role of government in business in the U.K. and the U.S. Work together with your partner and make a list of most typical (de)regulation measures. Compare your list with others in the class and discuss any differences.

П. Read the text В and give answers to the questions

* ■ »

Demand and Supply

Producers are the backbone of any economy. They are represented by enterprises or firms. The aim of producers is to supply goods and services, seek profits, and compete successfully with one another. To create the goods and services 'they sell, producers transform inputs into outputs. Three factors of production are needed to make goods and services. They are labour, capital, and natural

e ■ •

resources.

has set financial targets;

has cleared government objectives.

Every economy faces the problem of what, how and for whom to produce. In economies the problem is solved by the market thanks to the law of supply and demand. The law

states that the imbalances in the market between the quantity of the goods that buyers want to purchase and the quantity that producers want to sell tend to be corrected by-changes in prices.

Other things being equal, people tend to increase their purchases of a good or service when

its price goes down, and to cut back on purchases when prices go up.

Producers tend to respond to a rise in: price by increasing their output. Together, changes in supply and demand act to correct temporary shortages or surpluses. When there is a shortage, producers see a chance to increase the supply and to make an extra profit.

Whenever people who are willing to sell a commodity contact people willing to buy it, a market for that commodity is created. In a perfect market, buyers and sellers are numerous and competition is completely free.

In some markets there may only be one seller or a very limited number of sellers to offer goods and services. Such a situation is called a "monopoly".

Note on the Text

Other things being equal... - При равенстве прочих условий ...

Vocabulary List

supply - предложение

demand - спрос —--

backbone - опора, основа

enterprise - предприятие

seek (sought, sought) - стремиться, добиваться seek profits - стремиться получить прибыль compete - конкурировать transform - изменять, превращать

input - вводимый ресурс, вводимый фактор производства output - продукция, выпуск продукции factor of production - фактор производства

labour - рабочая сила, труд

* '

natural resources - природные ресурсы market economy - рыночная экономика law-закон __ -

imbalance - диспропорция quantity - количество purchase - покупать

tend - иметь тенденцию, иметь склонность

respond - реагировать

act - действовать, поступать

temporary - временный

shortage - нехватка, недостаток

surplus - излишек, избыток

extra - дополнительный

perfect market - совершенный рынок

be willing - готовый, стремящийся (сделать что-л.)

competition - конкуренция

Comprehension

Ex Л. Give answers to the questions:

1. What is the backbone of any economy?

it

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2. What factors of production are used by businesses to create goods?

3. What problem must any economy solve?

4. What does the law of supply and demand say?

5. How do consumers and producers tend to respond to a rise in price?

6. What is a perfect market?

7. What is a monopoly?

Ex.2. Find in the text the sentences containing:

The aim ...is to supply ... - ... tend to increase ...

To create the goods... - ... tend to respond ...

... are needed to make ... - ... act to correct...

... want to produce ... - ... a chance to increase ...

... want to sell... - ... willing to sell...

... tend to be corrected ... - ... sellers to offer goods and services.

Ex.3. Then read the Grammar Presentation of the Infinitive (p. 107) and translate the

sentences into Russian in writing.

Grammar and Lexis

Ex. 1. a) Rewrite these sentences with the Infinitive as in the Example, b) Decide if you agree with the statements in the sentences.

Example: Studying at a higher education institute is interesting. It^!s interesting to study at a higher education institute.

1. Studying at a higher education institute is interesting.

2. Studying economics is exciting.

3. Learning a foreign language is time-consuming.

4. Living on credit is normal for some people.

5. Managing money well is a difficult task for many people.

6. Founding a new business takes a lot of time and capital.

7. Selling goods and services successfully is an art.

8. Developing new products is vital for businesses.

9. Making a profit is the major goal for managers.

10. Producing goods is the main purpose of industries.

11. Learning about customer needs is important for the development of business.

Ex. 2. Make sentences spedfyini

Example: The aim of the government is to assist the young, the jobless, the home

... the aim of the company ... ... to enjoy the use of goods before

. «

... the task of the producers ... they have fully paid for them.

... the purpose of the economy ... ... to satisfy the company's clients.

... the intention of some people ... ... to broaden opportunities for in- ... the major objective of the govern- vestment, ment....

... the goal of business ... ... to supply goods and services.

... to compete successfully.

* f

... to assist children of the poor.

own

suggested ideas.

Model: -1 want to talk to someone about my account.

- Well, then the person to talk to is our bank manager, hire purchase/manager responsible for hire purchase; mortgage/our bank manager; renting my property/real estate agent (агент по недвижимости); investing in shares/broker (брокер).

Ex. 4. a) Study the grammar structure and the examples given below, b) Prepare five sentences of your own modelled on the examples.

1. There's a lot of work to do/to be done.

2. There are letters to post/to be posted.

3. Give me the names of the people to contact/to be contacted.

4. The people to interview/to be interviewed are in the next room.

Student A Librarian Student В Librarian Student С Librarian Student D Librarian Student E Librarian

Ex. 5. a) Read this conversation "In a Library". Say, without looking at the book, what advice is given by the librarian, b) Make up a similar conversation with your partner.

In a Library

I want to read about economics.

Then, this is the book to read/to be read.

I^?d like to study financial management.

Then, this is the book to study/to be studied.

I'd like to use some good books on statistics.

Then, these are the books to use/to be used.

I^fd like to get the latest information about taxation.

Then, this is the article to read/to be read.

Fd like to take a good book on finance.

Then, this is the book to take/to be taken.

Ex. 6. Practise these words and word combinations: supply and demand 1. Translate into Russian:

1. Supply and demand is the relationship between how much of a particular product is available and how much of it people want.

2. Supply is the amount of a commodity or -a service which will be offered for sale at a given price.

3. Demand is the amount of a commodity or service which will be bought at any given price.

4. Demand is affected by price.

5. Demand increases or decreases as the price changes.

6. An increase in demand can also be caused by a rise in consumer spending, investment and government expenditure.

7. The link between price and demand is shown by a demand curve (кривая спроса).

8. The demand curve is a graph (кривая) that shows how much of the product can be sold at each price in a range of prices.