7. Translate the passages in writing:

a) Many of the issues involved with Ethernet are common to many network technologies, and understanding how Ethernet addressed these issues can provide a foundation that will improve your understanding of networking in general.

b) There are explicit minimum and maximum lengths for frames, and a set of required pieces of information that must appear in the frame. Each frame must include, for example, both a destination address and a source address, which identify the recipient and the sender of the message.

8. Answer the following questions using the information from parts 4, 5 and 6 of the text.

1. When did Bob Metcalfe design and test the first Ethernet network? 2. What did Metcalfe develop? 3. What did the original Ethernet describe? 4. Taking modern advancement into consideration, what distance can Ethernet devices have between them? 5. What does the term protocol refer to in networking? 6. What does a common medium provide? 7. What is the frame? 8. What must each frame include?

9. Look through parts 4, 5 and 6 of the text and mark the statements as true (t) or false (f). If you think a statement is false, change it to make it true.

1.	□	In 1973 at IBM Corporation, researcher Bob Metcalfe designed and tested the first Ethernet network.
2.	□	Ethernet has since become the least popular and least deployed network technology in the world.
3.	□	Once a device attached to the Ethernet, it had the ability to communicate with any other attached device.
4.	□	At most, Ethernet devices could have only a few hundred meters of cable between them.
5.	□	Historically, the medium has been a twisted pair or fiber optic cable, but today it is more commonly a coaxial copper cabling.
6.	□	Frames are analogous to sentences in human language.
7.	□	There are no explicit minimum and maximum lengths for frames.
8.	□	Each frame must include only a destination address, which identifies the recipient of the message.

10. Make summary of parts 4, 5 and 6 of the text using opening phrases on page 325.

11. Read the text and insert articles where necessary.

a) Give antonyms to the words in bold type.

b) Using the information from this text, enumerate all advantages and disadvantages of HomePNA in the table below and decide if there are more the former or latter in this type of networking.

Phone-line Networking
advantages 1. 2. …	disadvantages 1. 2. …

Phone-line Networking

Phone-line networking is one of several ways to connect __ computers in your home. If your computers are in different rooms, then phone-line networking could be __ good solution for you. Phone-line networking is easy to install, inexpensive and fast, and it doesn't require __ any additional wiring.

Phone-line networking, most commonly referred to as HomePNA, is based on __ specifications developed by __ Home Phone Networking Alliance (HPNA). The HPNA is __ consortium of key networking technology companies that created __ phone-line standard for __ networking industry. HPNA 1.0, __ original version of __ standard, operated at a rather slow 1 megabit per second (Mbps). __ current specification, HPNA 3.0, is based on technology developed by __ Broadcom and __ Copper Solutions. It operates at 128 Mbps.

HomePNA has __ several distinct advantages:

• It's easy to install.

• It's inexpensive.

• It's standardized.

• It's reliable.

• It operates at a constant 128 Mbps, even when the phone is in use.

• It requires no additional networking equipment (such as hubs or routers).

• It supports up to 50 devices.

• It is fast enough for bandwidth-intensive applications, such as video.

• It is compatible with other networking technologies.

• It works on Macs and older PCs (in addition to Windows and Linux systems).

HomePNA does have __ some drawbacks, though. You need __ phone jack close to each computer. Otherwise, you will have to run phone extension cords or install new wiring. There is __ physical limit of 1,000 feet (304.8 m) of wiring between devices, and __ overall area of coverage should not exceed 10,000 square feet (929 m²). Rarely (in fewer than 1 percent of U.S. homes), HomePNA will not work on __ existing wiring. And while this author did not notice any interference with voice use, there have been reports of voices sounding "funny" or of __ lot of noise on __ phone once HomePNA is installed.

(By Jeff Tyson)