Рекомендуемая литература:
Антрушина Г.Б. Лексикология английского языка=English lexicology: уч. пособие для студ. высших учебных заведений по педагогическим специальностям/Г.Б. Антрушина, О.В. Афанасьева. – М.: Дрофа, 2006. – 287с.
Арнольд И.В. Лексикология современного английского языка= The English word\И.В. Арнольд. – М.: высшая школа, 1986. – 295с.
Кронгауз М.А. Семантика: Учебник для студ. лингв. фак. высш. учеб. заведений.- М., 2005.- 352 с.
Лакофф Дж. Когнитивная семантика // Язык и интеллект: пер. с англ. и нем.- М., 1996.- с. 143-184.
Никитин М.В. Курс лингвистической семантики.- СПб: «Научный центр проблем диалога», 1997.- 760 с.
СЕМИНАР ПО ТЕМЕ: Семантическая структура словаря: синонимы, антонимы, омонимы.
Макро- и микроструктура словаря. Синонимия и синонимы. Классификация синонимов. Пути возникновения синонимов в языке. Антонимия и антонимы. Типы антонимов. Понятие омонимии и омонима. Типология омонимов.
ПРАКТИЧЕСКИЕ ЗАДАНИЯ
Задание 1.
Выпишите синонимы, составьте синонимический ряд и объясните разницу в их значении:
a) She felt on a sudden a cold chill pass through her limbs and she shivered. b) Her lips trembled so that she could hardly frame the words. c) I was shaking like a leaf when I came here. d) He shuddered with disgust.
a) He gave his wrist-watch a glance. b) Tommy gave her a look out of the corner of his eye. c) But her abstract gaze scarcely noticed the blue sea and the crowded shipping in the harbour. d) Let me have just one peep at the letter.
a) Bessie gets up and walks towards the window. b) He did nothing from morning till night but wander at random. c) I saw a man strolling along. d) The men sauntered over to the next room.
a) I began to meditate upon writer’s life. b) You had better reflect a little. c) The more he thought of it the less he liked the idea. d) I’m sure that a little walk will keep you from breeding.
a) There was a fat woman, who gasped when she talked. b) She came in like a ship at full sail, an imposing creature, tall and stout. c) She was twenty-seven perhaps, plump, and in a coarse fashion pretty. d) He was a person of perhaps forty, red-faced, cheerful, thick.
Задание 2.
Переведите следующие слова на английский язык и найдите как можно больше синонимов к ним: просить, глупый, веселый, несчастье, путешествие.
Задание 3.
В приведенном синонимическом ряду выделите синонимическую доминанту:
to sparkle, to shimmer, to flash, to shine, to glitter, to gleam, to blaze, to glimmer.
to produce, to manufacture, to make, to create, to fabricate.
to bellow, to roar, to shout, to yell.
to amaze, to astound, to surprise, to astonish.
Задание 4.
Выделите в следующих предложениях омонимы и определите их типы согласно известным вам классификациям:
“Mine is a long and a sad tale!” said the Mouse, turning to Alice, and sighing. “It is a long tail, certainly,” said Alice, looking down with wonder at the Mouse’s tail; “but why do you call it sad?”
a) My seat was in the middle of a row. b) “I say, you haven’t had a row with Corky, have you?”
a) It was nearly December but the California sun made a summer morning of the season. b) On the way home Crane no longer drove like a nervous old maid.
a) In Brittany there was once a knight called Eliduc. b) She looked up through the window at the night.
a) He had a funny round face. b) – How does your house face? – It faces the South.
a) Iron and lead are base metals. b) Where does the road lead?
Задание 5.
Определите тип следующих омонимов (собственно омонимы, омофоны, омографы):
Bail/bale, pupil (ученик)/pupil (зрачок), weight/wait, might/mite, to tear/tear, night/ knight, son/sun, bow (поклон)/bow (лук).
Задание 6.
Выделите в следующих примерах собственно омонимы, омофоны и омографы:
1. to write letters, right answer
2. to lead the party, to use lead and nickel
3. to bow to the king, to use a bow and
arrows
4. sun and moon, his son
5. wind and snow, to wind the clock
6. seal lives in cold regions, you
should seal the letter
7. to pay a fine, a fine place
8. to turn on the light, a light dress
9. a can of meat, he can die
10. he left the room, his left leg
11. a red rose, she rose
12. to lean forward, a lean person
13. a brave knight, a dark night
14. to live by the sea, to see a film
Задание 7.
Выделите в следующих предложениях омонимы и определите их типы согласно известным вам классификациям.
The bandage was wound around the wound.
The farm was used to produce produce.
We must polish the Polish furniture.
Since there is no time like the present, he thought it was time to present the present.
I didn’t object to the object.
They were too close to the door to close it.
The wind was too strong to wind the sail.
Задание 8.
Найдите, если возможно, антонимы к следующим словам: temporary, wise, fruitful, to weep, friend, sister, now, sufficient, coal, dull, accept, war, friendly, soul, love, trust, to increase, dexterous, underestimate.
Lexicological analysis of the text from semasiological point of view (cont.):
1. Supply some words in the text with homonyms; speak on their source, type.
2. Define the type and source of synonyms to some words in the text. Pick up the euphemisms.
3. Supply some words with their antonyms, characterize them.
Text I.
“There was yet a visit to the doctor. “A simple formality,” assured me the secretary, with an air of taking an immense part in all my sorrows. Accordingly a young chap wearing his hat over the left eyebrow, some clerk I suppose — there must have been clerks in the business, though the house was as still as a house in a city of the dead — came from somewhere up-stairs, and led me forth. He was shabby and careless, with inkstains on the sleeves of his jacket, and his cravat was large and billowy, under a chin shaped like the toe of an old boot. It was a little too early for the doctor, so I proposed a drink, and thereupon he developed a vein of joviality. As we sat over our vermouths he glorified the Company's business, and by and by I expressed casually my surprise at him not going out there. He became very cool and collected all at once. “I am not such a fool as I look, quoth Plato to his disciples,” he said sententiously, emptied his glass with great resolution, and we rose. The old doctor felt my pulse, evidently thinking of something else the while. “Good, good for there,” he mumbled, and then with a certain eagerness asked me whether I would let him measure my head.
(Conrad J. Heart of Darkness. The Secret Sharer. – N.Y., 1980.)
Text II.
Alice thought it would not be civil to say “No,” though it wasn't at all what she wanted. So she took it, and ate it as well as she could: and it was very dry; and she thought she had never been so nearly choked in all her life.
“While you're refreshing yourself,” said the Queen, “I'll just take the measurements.” And she took a ribbon out of her pocket, marked in inches, and began measuring the ground, and sticking little pegs in here and there.
“At the end of two yards,” she said, putting in a peg to mark the distance, “I shall give you your directions - have another biscuit?”
“No, thank you,” said Alice: “one's quite enough!”
“Thirst quenched, I hope?” said the Queen.
Alice did not know what to say to this, but luckily the Queen did not wait for an answer, but went on. “At the end of three yards I shall repeat them - for fear of your forgetting them. At the end of four, I shall say good-bye. And at the end of five, I shall go!”
She had got all the pegs put in by this, time, and Alice looked on with great interest as she returned to the tree, and then began slowly walking down the row.
(Carroll L. Through the Looking Glass. –London, 1994.)