3. График выполнения и сдачи заданий по дисциплине.

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1

СРСП №1.

1. Explain why linguistic changes are usually slow and gradual. 2. At first glance the vocabulary of the language seems to change very rapidly, as new words spring up all the time. Could the following words be regarded as absolutely new? (Note the meaning, component parts and word-building pattern) jet-plane (cf. airplane), typescript (cf. manuscript), air-lift, baby-sitter, sputnik, Soviet, safari, best-seller, cyclization, air-taxi, astrobiology, sunsuit, pepper, gas. 3. In the 14th c. the following words were pronounced exactly as they are spelt, the Latin letters retaining their original sound values. Show the phonetic changes since the 14th c.: moon, fat, meet, rider, want, knee, turn, first, part, for, often, e.g. nut — [nut]> [nAt]

T. A. Rastorguyeva. A History of English,

1 неделя

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2.

СРСП №2.

1. Point out the peculiarities in grammatical forms in the following passages from Shakespeare’s SONNETS and describe the changes which must have occurred after the 17th c.: a) As fast as thou shalt wane, so fast thou grow’st In one of thine, from that which thou departest b) It is thy spirit that thou send ‘st from thee It is my love that keeps mine eyes awake; Mine own true love that doth my rest defeat — c) Bring me within the level of your frown. But shoot not at me in your wakened hate! 2. Comment on the following quotations from the works of prominent modern linguists and speak on the problems of linguistic change: a) One may say with R. Jakobson, a little paradoxically, that a linguistic change is a synchronic fact. (A. Sommerfelt) b) Visible change is the tip of an iceberg. Every alteration that eventually establishes itself, had to exist formerly as a choice. This means that the seedbed for variation in time is simply the whole landscape of variation in space. (D. Bolinger) c) The structure of language is nothing but the unstable balance between the needs of communication, which require more numerous and more specific units and man’s inertia, which favours less numerous, less specific and more frequently occurring units. (A. Martinet) d) That two forms, the new and the old, can occasionally exist in wholly free variation is a possibility that has not yet been disproved but, as Bloomfield rightly remarked “when a speaker knows two rival forms, they differ in connotation, since he has heard them from different persons under different circumstances”. (M. Samuels)

T. A. Rastorguyeva. A History of English,

2 неделя

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3

СРСП №3.

1. Name the closest linguistic relations of English. 2. Account for the following place-names: Germany, Saxony, Bavaria, Anglia, Thuringia, Sroiabia, Gothenburg, Gothiand, Burgundy, A lieinagne (Fr for Germany), Gotha, Jutland, France, Frankfurt, Normandy, Angiesea, England. 3. Analyse the shifting of word stress in word-building and form- building and point out the words which can illustrate the original Germanic way of word accentuation: read, reading, re-read, readable; bear v., bearer, unbearable; satisfy, satisfaction, unsatisfactorily; circumstance, circumstantial, circumstiality. 4. Explain the sound correspondence in the following parallels from Germanic and non-Germanic languages (the sounds are italicized

T. A. Rastorguyeva. A History of English,

3 неделя

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4

СРСП №4.

1. Analyse the consonant correspondences in the following groups of words and classify the words into Germanic and non-Germanic: foot, pedal, pedestrian; twofold, double, doublet, twin, brotherly, fraternl; tooth, dental, dentist; canine, hound; hearty, cordial; three, trinity; decade, decimalc, ten; agriculture, acre; agnostic, know; tame, domestic. 2. Why can examples from the Gothic language often be used to illustrate the PG state while OE and OHG examples are less suitable for the purpose? 3. Classify the following Mod E verbs into descendants of the strong verbs and the weak verbs (Note that the PG -ð- became t or t in English): sing, live, rise, look, answer, speak, run, shake, warn. 4. Prove that suppletion is an ancient way of form-building which goes back to the epoch of the PIE parent-language. 5. We can infer a good deal about the culture of the people, their social structure and geographical conditions from the words of their language. What can be reconstructed of the life of the Teutons from the following list of English words, whose cognates are found in other Germanic languages: borough, brew, broth, cliff, earl, east, lore, king, knead, north, sea, seal, ship, south steer, strand, tin, were, west,whale, wheat?

T. A. Rastorguyeva. A History of English,

4 неделя

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5.

СРСП №5.

1. What languages were spoken in the British Isles prior to the Germanic invasion? Which of their descendants have survived today? 2. What historical events account for the influence of Latin on CE? 3. Describe the linguistic situation in Britain before and after the Germanic settlement. 4. Explain the origin of the following place-names: Britain, Scotland, Great Britain, Bretagne, England, Sussex, Essex, Middlesex, Wessex, Northumberland, Wales, Cornrjvall. 5. The CE language is often called Anglo-Saxon. Why is this term not fully justified? 6. Why can we regard the group of CE dialects as a single language despite their differences, which continued to grow in later OE? What binds them together?

T. A. Rastorguyeva. A History of English,

5 неделя

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6.

СРСП №6.

1. Did word stress in OE always fall on the first syllable? Recall some regular shifts of stress in word-building and give similar examples from present-day English.

2. Comment on the phonemic status of OE short diphthongs (give your reasons why they should be treated as phonemes or as allophones). 3. Account for the difference between the vowels in OE eat and monn, all going back to PG words with [a] (cf Gt þata, manna, alls). 4. Account for the interchange of vowels in OE dæze, dazas (NE day Dat. sg and Nom. p1); bæð, baðian (NE bath, bathe). 5. Say which word in each pair of parallels is OE and which is Gt. Pay attention to the difference in the vowels: rauþs — rēad (NE red); hām - haims (NE home); beald - balþei (NE bold); barms — bearm (‘chest’); dēaf — daufs (NE deaf); triu - trēo (NE tree); lēof - liufs (‘dear’, rel. to NE love); qiþan - cweðan (NE quoth ‘say’). In the same way classify the following words into CE and 0 Scand: bēaz — baugr (‘ring’); fảr — fær (NE fear); man or mon — maðr (Gt manna); dauþr — dēaþ (NE death); eall — allr (NE all); earm — armr (NE arm); harpa hearpe (NE harp); faðir fæder (NE father); fæst — fastr (NE fast).

T. A. Rastorguyeva. A History of English,

6 неделя

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7.

СРСП №7.

1. Account for the difference between the root-vowels in OE and in parallels from other OG languages: Gt langiza, OE lenzra (NE longer); Gt marei, OHG meri, OE mere (NE obs. mere ‘lake’); Gt sandian, OE sendan (NE send); Gt ubils, OE yfel (NE evil); Gt be-laibian, OE læfan (NE leave); Gt. baugian, OE bŷzan, bīean (‘bend’); Gt fulljan, OE fyllan (NE fill); Gt laisjan —OE læran ‘teach’. 2. Explain the term “mutation” and innumerate the changes referred to mutations in Late PG and in Early OE. What do ‘they all have in common? 3. Which word in each pair could go back to an OE prototype with palatal mutation and which is more likely to have descended from the OE word retaining the original non-mutated vowel? Mind that the spelling may often point to the earlier pronunciation of the word: old -elder; strong — strength; goose — geese; man men; full — fill; food — feed; brother brethren; far further 4. Was the OE vowel system symmetrical? State your arguments in favour and against its interpretation as a completely balanced system (See also question 2).

T. A. Rastorguyeva. A History of English,

7 неделя

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8.

СРСП №8.

1. Define the sound values of the letters f, у, s and comment on the system of OE consonant phonemes: OE heofon, faran, ze-faran, hæfde, offrung, ofer (NE heaven, fare, had, of fering, over); odde, oder, Norð, ðanne (‘or’, NE other, North, then); sæ, wisse, cēosan, cēas (NE sea, ‘knew’, choose, chose). 2. What consonant and vowel changes are illustrated by the following pairs of words? Gt maiza — OE māra (NE more); Gt kunþian, CE cyðan (‘inform’); Gt dauþs — OE dead (NE dead). Gt saljan — OE sellan (NE sell); OE þyncan - þūhte (NE think — thought); OE mæzden, mæden (NE maiden); Gt kinnus, OE cinn (NE chin); OHG isarn — OE īren (NE iron). Gt hausjan — OE hīeren (NE hear); 0 Scand skaft — OE sceaft (NE shaft). 3. Why can the voicing of fricative consonants in Early OE be regarded as a sort of continuation of Verner’s Law? Describe the similarities and the differences between the two processes. 4. What peculiarities of OE consonants can account for the difference in the sound values of the italicised letters in the following modern words? sand; rise (OE rīsan); house — houses (OE hūs); hose (QE hosa); horse (OE hors); think, bathe, path (OE þyncan, bāðian, pæð).

T. A. Rastorguyeva. A History of English,

8 неделя

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9.

СРСП №9.

1. Explain why OE can be called a “synthetic” or “inflected” language. What form-building means were used in OE? 2. Speak on the differences between the categories of case, number and gender in nouns, pronouns and adjectives. 3. Why are noun declensions in OE referred to as “stems”? Point out relics of the stem-suffixes in the forms of nouns. 4. Explain the difference between the grouping of nouns into declensions and the two declensions of adjectives. 5. Which phonetic changes account for the alternation of consonants in the following nouns: mūþ — mūþa (Nom. sg, Gen. p1 N. -a); hūs — hūsum (Nom. sg, Dat. pl. -a); wif —wife (Nom., Dat. sg N. -a); (NE mouth, house, wife). Were these consonant interchanges confined to certain declensions? Decline zlof (F. -ō) and zō (F. -root-stem) according to the models to confirm your answer (NE glove, goose). 6. Account for the vowel interchange in hwæl — hwalas (Nom. sg and p1, M. -a); pæþ — paþum (Nom. sg, Dat. p1, M. -a) (NE whale, path). 7. Determine the type of noun declension and supply the missing forms:

(NE word, arm, book, cup) 8. Point out instances of variation in the noun paradigms. From which stems were the new variants adopted? 9. Which forms of the nouns originated due to palatal mutation? Describe their history in Early OE. 10. Prove that suppletion is an ancient way of form-building that can be traced to PIE. 11. Which forms of adjectives, weak or strong, should be used in the following contexts? Fill in the blanks with appropriate endings: and þā þone hālz — mann ātuzon ūt of his hūse ‘and they drove that holy man out of his house...’; Ic eom zōd — hierde ‘I am a good shepherd’. 12. Account for the interchange of vowels in the forms of the degrees of comparison:

T. A. Rastorguyeva. A History of English,

9 неделя

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10.

СРСП №10.

1. In what respects was the OE verb system “simpler” than the Mod E system? 2. Would it be correct to say that the strong verbs formed their principal parts by means of root-vowel interchanges and the weak verbs employed suffixation as the only form-building means? Make these definitions more precise. 3. Build the principal forms of the verbs forlēosan, weorpan and drīfan) and explain the interchange of vowels and consonants (NE lose, ‘throw’, drive). 4. Determine the class of the following strong verbs and supply the missing principal forms: 5. Find instances of “breaking” in the principal forms of strong and weak verbs. 6. How was gemination of consonants and the loss of -j- reflected in the forms of weak verbs? 7. What traces of palatal mutation can be found in the weak verbs? 8. Prove that the non-finite forms in OE had more nominal features than they have today. 9. Define the form and class of the verbs and nouns in the following phrases and reconstruct their initial forms: Nom. sg of nouns and the Infinitive of the verbs: …wīciað Finnas ... fōr hē... a Beormas spræcon... Ōhthere mētte ... hē bād... his ēazan þŷstrodon... hē clypode... wē willað secan.

T. A. Rastorguyeva. A History of English,

10 неделя

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11.

СРСП 11.

1. Why does the OE vocabulary contain so few borrowings from the Celtic languages of Britain? Why do place-names constitute a substantial part of Celtic element? 2. From lists of Latin loan-words in OE speculate on the kind of contacts the English had with Rome at different historical periods. 3. What facts can be given to prove that OE was generally resistant to borrowing and preferred to rely upon its own resources? 4. Pick out the OE suffixes and prefixes which are still used in English and can be regarded as productive today. 5. What is meant by “simplification of the morphological structure”? Use words from the following list to illustrate your answer: QE ealdian(<*eald-ō-jan) ‘grow old’; mētan (<*mōt-i-an) ‘meet’; wulf Nom. (<*wulf-a-z) NE wolf; wulfe, Dat. sg (<*wulf-a-i); woruld (<*wer-ealdi ‘age’, ‘old’) NE world; hlāford (.<*hlāf-weard ‘bread, loaf’, ‘keeper’) NE lord; hlæfdize (<*h1āfdize ‘bread-kneading’) NE lady; ēaland (<*ēa-land ‘water’, ‘land’) NE island; zōdlic (<*godlic ‘good’, ‘body’) NE goodly, fair. 6. Determine the part of speech and the meaning of the words in the right column derived from the stem given in the left column: leorn-ian v ‘learn’ leorn-ere, leorn-inz, leorn-unz ze-samn-ian v ‘assemble ze-samn-unz scēot-an v ‘shoot’ scēot-end lēoht n ‘light’ lēoht-līc stranz adj ‘strong’ stranz-ian, stranz-lic, stranz-lice eald adj ‘old’ eald-ian, eald-unz, eald-dōm screap adj ‘sharp’ scearp-lic, scearp-lice, scearp-nis sorz n ‘sorrow’ sorz-ian, sorz-lic, sorz-full fæst adj ‘firm, fast’ fæst-e, fæst-an, fæst-lic, fæst-lice, fæst-nis zeorn adj ‘eager’ zeorn-full, zeorn-e, zeorn-an, zeorn-lice, zeorn-ful-nes, zeorn -ful-lic frēond n ‘friend’ frēond-lēas, frēond-lic, frēondlice, frēond-scipe, frēond-ræden 7. Add negative prefixes to the following words and explain the meaning of the derivatives: rot ‘glad’, — Un-...; hal ‘healthy’ wan- ...; spēdiz ‘rich’ — un..., wan- ...; cūþ ‘known’ un- ...; līcian ‘please’ — mis- ...; limpan ‘happen’ — mis-

T. A. Rastorguyeva. A History of English,

11 неделя

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12.

СРСП 12.

1. What historical conditions account for increased dialectal divergence in Early ME? 2. Compare the position of the Old Scandinavian and Anglo-Norman (French) in Early ME (comment on the geographical, social and linguistic differences). 3. Account for the shift of the dialect type of the speech of London in the 14th c. Why is the name “English” language more justified than “Anglo-Saxon” or “Saxon” though in the OE period one of the Saxon dialects, West Saxon, was the main form of language used in writing? 4. Describe the events of external history which favoured the growth of the national literary language. 5. Can the evolution of language be controlled by man? Recall the efforts made by men-of-letters in the “Normalisation period” to stop the changes and improve the language. 6. Comment on the following quotations: J. Hart (1570): “The flower of the English tongue is used in the Court of London.” G. Puttenham (1589):”... ye shall therefore take the usual speach of the Court, and that of London whithin IX myles, and not much above. I say this but that in every shyre of England there be gentlemen and others that speake but specially write as good Southerne as we of Middlesex or Surrey do, but not the common people of every shire...” Discuss the social and geographical basis of the literary English language.

T. A. Rastorguyeva. A History of English,

12 неделя

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13.

СРСП 13 

1. Analyse the relationships between the letters and sounds in the extract given in § 361 and say in which instances the ME spelling system was less phonetic — and more conventional — than the OE system. 2. Read the following ME words and explain the employment of the italicized letters: certainly, pacient, carrie, killen (NE certainly, patient, carry, kill); geste, gold, (NE jest, gold); was, seson, ese, sory (NE was, season, ease, sorry); other, thinken, the, that, natheless, both (NE other, think, the, that, nevertheless, both); afere, every, fight, thief, very (NE affair, every, fight, thief, very); yonge, sonne, not, hose (NE young, sun, not, hose); mous, low, loud, toun, how (NE mouse, low, loud, town, how); knowen, whether, straunge, what, knyght, taughte (NE know, whether, strange, what, knight, taught).

T. A. Rastorguyeva. A History of English,

13 неделя

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14

СРСП №14.

I. Prove, by instances of phonetic changes, that ME was divided into a number of dialects. 2. Point out some changes preceding the Great Vowel Shift which display the same directions of evolution. 3. Cf. the system of vowels in OE with that in Late ME and say in which respects it has become less symmetrical. 4. How could the vowels in OE talu, findan, hopa, frote, stolen ultimately develop into diphthongs, though originally they were short monophthongs (NE tale, find, hope, throat, stolen)? 5. What are the causes of vowel interchanges in NE keep, kept; feel, felt; wise, wisdom; leave, left; five, fifth? Originally, in OE the words in each pair contained the same long vowels. 6. Account for the interchange of vowels in NE child children, wild — wilderness, bewilder (ME bewildren), behind - hindrance; in OE the root vowel in these words was [i]. 7. Give a historical explanation of different spellings of the following homophones: NE son, sun; meet, meat; see, sea; rein, rain; vein, vain: soul, sole; main, mane; cease, sieze; flour, flower; so, sow; law, lore; bare, bear; root, route; or, oar; rode, road. Were all these pairs homophones in ME?

8. Why does the letter e stand for [e] in bed, for [i:] in he, for the nuclei [ı] and [ε] of diphthongs in here and there? 9. Why does the letter o stand for [o] in not, for [ou] in bone, [٨] in front and some, and for [o:] when followed by r: more, port? 10. Why does the letter x stand for [ks] and [gz] in the following words: oxen- axes - example; execute — executor — executive; exercise — examine — exact — exist?

T. A. Rastorguyeva. A History of English,

14 неделя

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15

СРСП №15.

1. Account for the sound values of the letter c in the following words: [s] in NE mercy, centre; [k] in copper, class; [∫] in special, sufficient? 2. Explain from a historical viewpoint the pronunciation of the following words with the letter g: good, again, general, change, regime. 3. Account for the difference in the sound values of s, th, f in the following words: son, busy, wisdom, mouse, east, deserve (ME deserven [de’servən], observe, resemble (ME resemblen [rə’semblən], books (ME bookes [‘bo:kəs]), robes (ME robes [‘ro:bəs]), dresses, thousand, threat, thou, the, mouth, mouths (ME mouthes [‘mu:ðəs]), they, of, fair, fence. 4. What is meant by “discrepancy” between pronunciation and spelling in Mod E? Give examples of phonetic and conventional spellings. Prove that the written form of the word usually lags behind its spoken form and indicates its earlier pronunciation. 5. Explain the origin of different sound values of the following digraphs: ea in seat, dead; ie in chief, lie; ou in pound, soup, soul, rough; ow in sow and how. Why do they indicate other sounds before r, e.g. dear, pear; pier, bier; pour, sour; lower, power. 6. Recall the development of OE [y, y:] and explain the differences in the pronunciation and spelling of merry, hill, busy, buy, evil, bury (all descending from CE words with short [y]) and sleeve, fist, mice, sundry (descending from OE words with long [y:]). 7. Show how modern spelling can help to reconstruct the phonetic history of the words; use the following words as examples: NE drive, might, keen, mete, lead, lake, loaf, boot, about, low, draw, applaud, cast, cart, cord, ant, warn, bird, beard, burn, certain, first, nun, none, blood!/, bony, knee, gnat, often, limb. 8. Give the modern descendants of the following words, which developed in accordance with regular phonetic and spelling changes: OE hind, spēdiz, dūst, sceaft, scīnan, snāwan, rædan, hearm, sceal, wearm, cēap [k’], butere, bōc, bāt, metan,mētan, hund, hundred, hwæt, tūn, steorfan, þræd, smoca, drīfan, bana, dēop, āð. 9. Reconstruct the phonetic changes so as to prove that the words have descended from a single root: NE listen and loud; merry and mirth; deep and depth; foul and filth; husband and house; long and length; sheep and shepherd; tell, tale and talk; thief and theft; gold, gild and yellow; person and parson. 10. Account for the mute letters in late, sight, wrong, often, bomb, autumn, course, knowledge, honour, what, whole, guest, pneumonia, psalm. 11. Try to account for the appearance of mute letters in the following words: NE thumb (OE þuma); NE house (OE hūs); NE delight (ME delite); NE horse (CE hors); NE limb (CE lim); NE whole (OE hāl).

T. A. Rastorguyeva. A History of English,

15 неделя

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