Vocabulary:
coniferous- [kə'nɪf(ə)rəs]--хвойний
thrive [θraɪv]—процвітати
vernal ['vɜːn(ə)l]—весняний
accommodate—вміщати
bulldoze ['buldəuz]—розчищати землю
drastically ['dræstɪk(ə)lɪ]—радикально
disrupt [dɪs'rʌpt]—порушувати
niche [nɪʃ]—ніша
Grassland—пасовище
to take its toll [təul]—зіграти свою роль, робити свою справу
EXERCISE 1 Ask questions to the text.
EXERCISE 2 Translate the following sentences using the active vocabulary.
The vernal heat of the sun. The school was not big enough to accommodate all the children. The CD-ROMs will accommodate the works of all English poets from 600 to 1900 The war has taken their toll, and the population of the region is greatly reduced. He's the sort of person who thrives on hard work. Thought thrives on conflict. Railroad strikes are disrupting deliveries. A heavy fall of snow had disrupted the city's transport system.
The meeting was disrupted by a group of protesters who shouted and threw fruit at the speaker. Lloyd has carved/made a niche for himself as a professional tennis player.
EXERCISE 3 Translate the following sentences
1.Більшість плутає терміни біом і екосистема.. 2. Біом –це велика територія з подібною флорою, фауною і мікроорганізмами. 3. Екосистема набагато менша ніж біом. 4. Полярні медведі процвітають в арктиці в той час, як кактуси мають товсту шкіру для збереження води у пустелі. 5. Мінералодобування має негативний ефект на екосистему.
Read the text and say what the main idea of this text is
Endangered species - Caribbean Corals
Caribbean corals, like many other species too, are dying off, and this could significantly change marine ecosystems and have tremendous negative effect on ecological balance under the sea. Mostly because of climate change and warmer waters this beautiful creatures have even become candidates to be marked as "critically endangered".
Coral reefs habitats are areas of amazing biodiversity and their extinction would mean extinction of many other species that rely on coral reefs for shelter and reproduction and complete change of under sea ecosystems. Climate change and warmer water are the most serious threats to these creatures, but sadly there are also some other influential factors threatening their habitats such as coastal pollution, human development, overfishing, smothering by sediments caused by soil erosion, severe hurricanes from climate change.
So what is the solution for coral reefs preservation? The only possible answer could be formation of marine protected areas since these areas would mean minimum human impact, however this is only the partial solution because of the thermal stress caused by global warming that affects their growth in all habitats, whether protected or not.
So the only real solution for their preservation is (like for many other species too) global action against climate change. Unfortunately so, this global action hasn't yet started in many parts of the world despite some notable efforts, and coral reefs aren't certain to survive.
Compound and Complex Sentences
A compound sentence contains two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but or or
A complex sentence contains an independent clause, which can stand alone, and a dependent clause, which cannot
stand alone. The clauses are joined by a word such as if, when, because,until, before, after or since.
EXERCISE 1
The following sentences are made up of two independent clauses with one or more dependent clauses. You are to identify the clauses telling what kind each is. The choices are independent clause, noun clause, adjective clause or adverb clause.
1. John went to school, but James remained at home because he had a sore throat.
2. If he changes his mind, we shall know for sure that Joe has learned his lesson, but only time will tell.
3. Those clouds promise rain; we should hurry before we get caught in a flash flood.
4. Here is the money that I owe you, and I am happy to be free of debt.
5. Were you ever in a storm that was full of lightning, or don't you recall?
EXERCISE 2
The following sentences are made up of two independent clauses with one or more dependent clauses. You are to identify the clauses telling what kind each is. The choices are independent clause, noun clause, adjective clause or adverb clause.
1. Since we had gone only a mile from camp, we could return before dark, and we would not become lost.
2. After the tornado had hit, my house was gone, but my neighbor's house was not touched.
3. Mary heard the frightening noise again, and the sound was one that would frighten the bravest of people.
4. The route can be changed, but I know several people who will not like the change.
5. Dr. Mathews did what could be done, but it simply was not enough to save his life.
EXERCISE 3
The following sentences are made up of two independent clauses with one or more dependent clauses. You are to identify the clauses telling what kind each is. The choices are independent clause, noun clause, adjective clause or adverb clause.
1. We enlarged our house, and after we had finished the work, we moved to Hawaii and never returned.
2. The vacation should be restful, but many people take vacations that are never restful.
3. James said that will be enough, and everyone agreed.
4. Dad went fishing, but Mom stayed home because she wanted to be there when Terri arrived.
5. Although the children were running everywhere, closer observation indicated that they were playing a game, and they had created it themselves.
EXERCISE 4
The following sentences are either a simple sentence, a compound sentence, a complex sentence or a compound/complex sentence. Identify the sentences telling what kind each is.
1. Jim and his friend Ryan had planned to return to Canada.
2. Although we searched everywhere, Curtis could find no trace of his shoes.
3. Alaina wrote an original poem, and her mother corrected her spelling.
4. Since he was entrusted with the secret, Fred became very serious, and he was no longer a practical joker.
5. The real story is that he was injured while he was hiking.
EXERCISE 5
The following sentences are either a simple sentence, a compound sentence, a complex sentence or a compound/complex sentence. Identify the sentences telling what kind each is.
1. None of the other jurors asked me to change my mind.
2. Barbara and Jeanne whispered and giggled all night.
3. That he is my cousin cannot be denied.
4. The boy who is speaking is my brother, and he will be staying with us.
5. I know you don't like him, but that doesn't matter.
EXERCISE 6
The following sentences are made up of two independent clauses with one or more dependent clauses. You are to identify the clauses telling what kind each is. The choices are independent clause, noun clause, adjective clause or adverb clause.
1. Rulon steered the jeep down the muddy road to the camp site, and then he discovered that it was the wrong road.
2. When Carl came up to bat, the bases were loaded, and there were two outs.
3. I've just learned that our vacation plans must be changed; as a result, we'll leave later in the month.
4. Older television sets had tubes; the newest models, which take less space, are digital televisions.
5. My Uncle Al drove a snow-removal truck, and when there was a big snow storm, he would be called to work at any time.
6. If you are an election judge, you distribute the ballots, and you count them after the polls close.
7. Many monuments are found around the White House, and foreign leaders who come to Washington often visit them.
8. The doctor told us how we could revive a heart-attack victim, and she demonstrated on a dummy, me.
9. Jeff tried the new dance steps that had been demonstrated, and he mastered them quickly.
10. The bola is a rope which is used to catch animals; it has weights on the end of it.
Самостійна робота
Summarize this article about the use of Biogas.
The Modern Importance of Biogas
The use of biogas is increasing rapidly rapidly today for a number of reasons:
Fuel costs have been rising steadily for a number of years and the taxation burden increases as well, leading to a double load ofr the user to bear.
Attempts are now being made to improve the use of renewable energy sources.
The gas produced, mainly methane, is one of the major causes of the greenhouse effect.
The production is possible in small scale sites, obviating the need to supply energy to outlying areas.
Even a very basic construction using mostly used materials will produce gas if a few simple design rules are followed.
This is not meant to be a construction guide for biodigesters or any of the other equipment needed for this purpose, it is rather a discussion of the control systems in use for the landfill schemes that are in use in many countries already.
Nevertheless, a few points are worthy of mention. The links below will give some good information on this topic and hopefully clear up any queries that you might have.
The gas produced and the slurry being fermented are corrosive. This means that some of the fittings must be made of corrosion-proof material. Plastic can be used for many things, but where pressure and sunlight are involved, then stainless steel may be needed. Again, as the gas is corrosive due to the presence of hydrogen sulphide and other impurities, it may have to be collected in a stainless steel tank in some cases. The cost for such materials is high and may be prohibitive, but larger industrial systems will be forced to go in this direction to get a useful working life. Stainless steel is not cheap, but it has properties that make its use essential sometimes.
The gas produced may be used for a number of purposes, but one of the main uses in larger plants is driving engines for production of electricity. To this end it is essential to know the concentration of methane in the gas, allowing the mixture to be adjusted appropriately. The level of carbon dioxide and proportion of methane will give valuable information about the state of the fermentation process as well. Infrared sensors are the best means employed today for this purpose. The need for calibration is minimal or nonexistent and the small size, relatively low cost and minimal power consumption make them ideal for this type of application. Combined heat and power uses are increasingly common. This is probably the most effective use of the biogas produced, although there will be cases where the heat is more difficult to use profitably. In industrial schemes where there is a steady demand for steam or other heat resources, this will present no problem, but areas using the power for residential purposes will find the demand for heat is very much lower in summer than in winter for obvious reason, whilst the demand for electricity will be reduced, but not as greatly.
Infrared sensors may be of the more expensive two channel variety or the more popular single channel sensor. Whilst more prone to drift, single channel sensors are usually more than adequate for this task. Very small, househod schemes will get by without any form of sensor being used, but any scheme that relies on selling the gas will have to ensure and prove a constant quality of service.
Measurements of carbon dioxide and methane in biogas have, nevertheless, shown a marked deviation from the behaviour of an ideal gas, with the sum of the calcualted partial pressures not equalling the total pressure. The result of these measurements must be taken into account in all cases where both sensors are employed.
Література.
Ю. Голіцинський «Граматика»
Лариса Романова « Практична граматика англійської мови»
Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary
В.Н.Комісаров, А.Л. Коралова Практикум з перекладу