Vocabulary:

Encompass [ɪn'kʌmpəs] включати

profound [prə'faund] сильний, глибокий

consistent with сумісний, узгоджуваний

due to завдяки, через

enhance[ɪn'hɑːn(t)s] збільшувати, посилювати, покращувати

aerosol['ɛərəsɔl]

interaction[ɪntər'ækʃ(ə)n] взаємодія

vapour['veɪpə] пар

fossil['fɔs(ə)l копалина

deforestation вирубка лісів

estimate ['estɪmeɪt] оцінка

scenario[sɪ'nɑːrɪəu]

assessment[ə'sesmənt] оцінка

panel експертна група

discernible[dɪ'sɜːnəbl] помітний

EXERCISE 1 Translate the following sentences using the active vocabulary.

1. The festival is to encompass everything from music, theatre and ballet to literature, cinema and the visual arts. 2. His mother's death when he was aged six had a very profound effect on him. 3. Those two lines of poetry express perfectly the profound sadness of loss. 4.My grandfather has a profound mistrust of anything new or foreign. 5.There was a note of profound irritation in his voice. 6. Our flight was delayed due to a strike by air-traffic controllers. 7. They'll be keen to enhance their reputation abroad.

8. Their living expenses are constantly enhancing. 9. There's not enough interaction between the management and the workers. 10. Deforestation is destroying large areas of tropical rain forest. 11. She made a careful assessment of the situation.

EXERCISE 2 Answer the following questions.

1 Who has introduced the term “global warming”?

2. What consensus have hundreds of scientists come to?

3. What will Global warming produce?

4. How has the climate changed?

5. What conclusion have scientists with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change reached?

EXERCISE 3 Write down the words instead of their definitions.

a guess of what the size, value, amount, cost, etc. of something might be

the cutting down of trees in a large area; the destruction of forests by people

to include, especially different types of things

when you judge or decide the amount, value, quality or importance of something, or the judgment or decision that is made

when two or more people or things communicate with or react to each other

felt or experienced very strongly or in an extreme way

Read the text and say what the main idea of this text is

Is there something positive in today's ecology?

Ecological problems on one hand are more serious than ever before, especially climate change, while on the other hand there are lot more people that realize how important ecology really is. The main problem in the whole ecology story is the fact that things always have to become serious (sometimes even critical) before we take some action. It is like we think that luxury of time is always on our side, and that all solutions can be made at the very last moment. However, it is very difficult knowing this very last moment to take action, especially if we are talking about serious ecological problems.

What ecology would really need is the appropriate action as soon we spot some ecological problem. This way we would always be sure that time is really on our side, and we would not have to rely mostly on hope and luck, like we do today. This is very easy to say but very hard to do. It is because ecology is not as important as economy, and is very much depending upon economy and current political views. Scientist can give numerous warnings, offer irrefutable proofs and we still won't get anywhere without the political support. And politics is of course all about money and profit, things that ecology isn't often related to.

So what is the positive thing in today's ecology? Positive thing is definitely that number of people that are aware of ecological problems is showing constant increase, and there is lot of media attention that helps spreading the word. The negative thing is that politics still doesn't show enough interest to help ecology. Politicians are still more primarily oriented on talking, instead of really doing something. Like some fancy words and "honest" promises can solve everything. How many time how we heard words like: "It is our duty", "We must do our best", "We need to act", and how many times have we seen some real action?

The time has come for all of us to step out of the shadows of promises and miracles, and take matter into our own hands. We know what are the problems, and we even know the solutions. So all cards are in our hands. All we have to to is play them. Is this really so difficul

The Passive Voice

Present Perfect

passive subject	'to be'	past participle
The resolution	has been	prepared
The delegates	have been	elected

Past Perfect

passive subject	'to be'	past participle
The coat	had been	sold	by that time

Future Perfect

passive subject	'to be'	past participle
He	will have been	examined	by next year

EXERCISE 1 Turn the following into the Passive Voice

1We turn on the light when it is dark. 2. The students finished their translation in time. 3. Helen washed the dishes. 4. Betty often took her younger brother for a walk. 5. Mother has made some coffee. 6. Have you ironed your dress yet? 7. Nina mispronounced this word. 8. They have told her the truth. 9. She promised us an interesting entertainment. 10. One uses chalk for writing on the blackboard. 11. I shall finish my work about seven o'clock. 12. Somebody has opened the door. 1.3. The waitress brought in the coffee. 14. One of my friends took me to the cinema last week. 15. We shall finish this work in time. 16. They built this house in 1960. 17. They were selling new children's books in that shop when I entered it yesterday. 18. Alarge group of young people joined us on our way to the station. 19. Ayoung teacher started a school in this village. 20. They are translating this article now. 21. Galsworthy wrote «The Forsyte Saga.» 21. Thousands of people attended this meeting. 22. He has just interrupted me. 23. The teacher has explained it to us.

EXERCISE 2 Turn the following into the Passive Voice

1. They did not invite her to the party. 2. I did not leave the window open. 3. They did not turn off the light. 4. I have invited some friends to tea 5. She has given me an English book. 6. Have you written the letter yet? 7. They have told us a lot оS interesting things. 8. The students have written the test-paper without mistakes. 9. The children have scattered about a lot of things. 10. The girl has put all the books into the bookcase. 11. Snov, will cover the fields in winter. 12. They will hand in the homework tomorrow. 13. I don't think we shall finish all the preparations today. 14. She al ways invites me to her dinner parties. 15. Shot showed me the dress which her daughter had made.16. We discussed the matter some days ago.17. Someone wants you on the phone. 18. She found my book on the window-sill. 19. They have built excellent shelters for tourists in these mountains. 20. Have you given the exercises to all the students? 21. The boy was angry because his mother did not allow him to go to the stadium. 22. Why have you put my books on this table?

EXERCISE 3 Turn the following into the Passive Voice

1. We received this letter after his departure. 2. Have dogs ever attacked you? 3. Bees gather honey from flowers. 4. The storm drove the ship against a rock. 5. Who discovered the circulation of blood? 6. They are selling delicious fruit ice cream there now. 7. The old man showed us the way out of the wood. 8. They offered her some interesting work. 9. The doctor prescribed her new medicine. 10. They often speak about him. 11. Everybody laughed at this funny animal. 12. We have been looking for you the whole morning. 13. We shall insist on strict discipline. 14. They teach three foreign languages at this school.

EXERCISE 4 Turn the following into the Active Voice

1. The light has not yet been turned off. 2. The boy was punished for misbehaving. 3. By three o'clock everything had been prepared. 4. The dictation was written without mistakes. 5. Whom was the poem written by? 6. Her dress was washed and ironed. 7. I was not blamed for the mistakes. 8. The papers had been looked through and corrected by the next lesson. 9. This house was built last year. 10. The letter has just been sent. 11. This article will be translated at the lesson on Tuesday. 12. When will this book be returned to the library? 13. The room was cleaned and aired. 14. Have all these books been read? 15. Whom were these letters written by? 16. The letter has just been typed. 17. She showed me the picture which had been painted by her husband. 18. I shall not be allowed to go there. 19. He has been told everything, so he knows what to do now. 20. All the questions must be answered. 21. The door has been left open. 22. Betty was met at the station. 23. The girl was not allowed to go to the concert.

24. She said that the new time-table had not yet been hung up on the notice-board. 25. The chicken was eaten with appetite. 26. It was so dark, that the houses could not be seen.

EXERCISE 5.Open the brackets using the verbs in the Passive Voice.

1. I am sure I (to ask) at the lesson tomorrow. 2. They told me that the new student (to speak) much about. 3. The hostess said that one more guest (to expect). 4. The newspaper said that an interesting exhibition (to open) in the Hermitage the next week. 5. This new dictionary (to sell) everywhere now. 6. All the texts (to look) through yesterday and not a single mistake (to find). 7. Two reports on Hemingway's stories (to make) in our group last month. Both of them were very interesting. 8. He said that Grandmother's letter (to receive) the day before. 9. Two new engineers just (to introduce) to the head of the department. 10. Don't worry, everything will be all right: the children (to take) to the theatre by the teacher and they (to bring) back to school in the evening.

EXERCISE 6 Change the following sentences into the Passive Voice.

Example: They have already brought the medicine. — The medicine has already been brought.

1. You have repaired our house lately. 2. When the fire brigade came, the fire had destroyed the building. 3. The athlete has shown much better results since this coach trains him, 4.1 will have answered all the business letters by noon. 5. The president of the board has signed the document. 6. Is she washing the floor? — No, she has already washed it. 1, By his arrival they had repaired his car. 8. He has booked the tickets and the clerk will have brought them by 2 o'clock. 9. They had painted the house by his arrival. 10. The police haven't found the reason for the accident yet. 11. Have you touched anything here? 12, The sociologist has interviewed a lot of students.13. Have they tested all the machines? 14. The flood has caused considerable damage, 15. John will have received the papers by tomorrow.

EXERCISE 7 Open the brackets and use the verb in the appropriate form of the Passive Voice

1, The first draft resolution (not discuss) yesterday; it (withdraw) long before the beginning of the meeting. 2. He is not in town; he (send) on a special mission, 3. Don't come into the compartment; the berth (fix) now. 4. A new underground line (construct) now. They say one of its stations (build) in my street. 5. He wants to know when the final decision (take). The activities of the committee and their delays already much (speak) about. 6. It was three o'clock. We (tell) to hurry up because we (wait). 7. Do you believe that such a problem can (solve)? 8. It must (do) without delays. 9. On September 9, 1850, California (admit) to the Union as the thirty-first state. 10. Don't speak in a loud voice: we (listen). 11. The plan (approve)? — No, it (discuss) now. — How long it (discuss)? 12. By the time he arrives everything (settle). 13. Not all the necessary things (buy) for our trip that's why the departure (postpone). 14. The money (lend) to him two months ago, but it (not give) back yet. 15. The business day was in high gear: the mail (look) through, documents (type), letters (answer), talks (hold). 16. Wait a minute. The table (lay). 17. Dynamite (invent) by Alfred Bernhard Nobel. 18. This exercise may (write) with a pencil. 19. This work (do) before you went to Poltava? 20. If you (ask) about it, will you be able to answer?

EXERCISE 8 Find and correct the mistakes if any,

1, Don't bring the article today. It will be being typed only tomorrow. 2. The South Pole was discovered by Amundsen in 1912, 3. The book which was written last month is discussing a lot. It has been written a lot of articles about. 4. When I came, an experiment was been holding in the lab. 5. Do you know that this house was belonged to Mr. Brown? 6. What new buildings have been built in your town since I was there? 7. The building was collapsed during the earthquake. 8. Have you seen him? Has he been changed much? 9. Do you know that you are following? 10.1 hope this journal can find at the library.

Самостійна робота

Read the article, translate it, write down all the unknown words for you, learn them and express the main idea of the article.

Environmental rights in the evolving understanding of human rights

. The concept of environmental rights.

The concept of environmental rights formed during the second half of the twentieth century, prompted by the escalating environmental crisis in countries of Europe and America, rising competition between countries for natural resources, the activity of the Green movement and finally the Chernobyl Disaster.

Some principles of environmental rights were defined in strategic studies and documents of “soft international law”, such as the report The Limits to Growth prepared by D.L. Meadows et al. for the Rome Club (1972); the Stockholm Declaration of the United Conference on the Human Environment (1972); the World Charter for Nature (1982); The Report made by the World Commission on Environment and Development in 1987.”Our Common Future” (the Bruntland Report); the Rio Declaration from the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (the Earth Summit) in 1992; the European Charter on Environment and Health (1989); the UN General Assembly Declaration of 14 December 1990 on the need to ensure a healthy environment for the well-being of individuals; the United Nations Millennium Declaration (2000); and the Johannesburg Declaration on Sustainable Development (2002).

For example, the Bruntland Report “Our common future” emphasises the need to move to sustainable development defined as “development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”. The authors of the report conclude that the survival and well-being of humankind will depend on how successful they are at raising the principles of balanced development to the level of global ethics, with human beings at the centre as part of a single natural whole.

The first principle of the Rio Declaration proclaims: “Human beings are at the centre of concerns for sustainable development. They are entitled to a healthy and productive life in harmony with nature.” Principle 3 states: “The right to development must be fulfilled so as to equitably meet developmental and environmental needs of present and future generations.” In the tenth principle, we find: “Environmental issues are best handled with the participation of all concerned citizens, at the relevant level. At the national level, each individual shall have appropriate access to information concerning the environment that is held by public authorities, including information on hazardous materials and activities in their communities, and the opportunity to participate in decision-making processes.”

The United Nations Millennium Declaration passed by the UN General Assembly in September 2000 affirmed the states’ responsibility for global partnership in reducing poverty, improving healthcare, ensuring peace, defending human rights and safeguarding the stability of the environment. As fundamental values for the twenty first century the Declaration named respect for nature and the resolve “ to adopt in all our environmental actions a new ethic of conservation and stewardship” This should encourage humanity to change present unsustainable models of production and consumption, in particular, “to stop the unsustainable exploitation of water resources by developing water management strategies at the regional, national and local levels, which promote both equitable access and adequate supplies”

There remains at present no universally recognized definition and list of environmental rights. They are defined only as the sum of non-property human rights, enshrined in international and domestic legislation which define relations with the environment and provide for physical existence.

In 1996 Professor Steven Rockefeller formulated 47 fundamental principles from international legal acts, reports and strategies passed over the last 25 years pertaining to the protection of the environment and sustainable development. Among these principles with respect to environmental rights we find the following:

the right of each person, including future generations, to a clean and healthy environment;

interdependence of universal human rights and the right to peace, development and a clean environment;

the right to receive and circulate environmental information;

public participation in decision-making on environmental matters;

the right of each person to real access to legal and administrative procedures;

the responsibility of the government to compensate victims of environmental disasters and to restore the damaged ecosystems;

general responsibility of humanity for the state of the environment;

the principle of equal responsibility of states for the degradation of global ecosystems;

protection, preservation and renewal of natural ecosystems;

the need for development of international environmental law;

the principle of uniting the development of society with the preservation of the environment.

As we see, environmental rights define various aspects pertaining to protection of the environment since without the latter humanity’s very existence is precluded. Environmental rights include: the right to a safe environment; protection of health and life from the unfavourable influence of environmental factors; compensation for damage to health or property due to breaches of environmental safety; the right to use natural resources, to information about the state of the environment and others. Environmental rights are an integral category, linked with the natural human right to life and personal security.

The concept of environmental rights has yet to become a classic self-contained system. Such rights are traditionally placed in the group of socio-cultural and economic rights together with the right to education, healthcare and employment which is not quite correct. Environmental rights cannot be squeezed into any established categories of human rights. They have their own specific features, and pertain to both negative and positive rights, civil and collective human rights. One specific aspect of these rights is that the foundation for their implementation in the interests of the individual and society is the preservation of another part of the existing system – the natural environment with its countless factors, parts and organisms. It is for this reason that the issue of providing an objective assessment of the state of the environment is vital for exercising environmental rights.

Environmental law in general, as a system of legal norms and principles, regulating public relations on environmental issues, is in a state of dynamic development. It embodies the most varied and sometimes contradictory features of public and private law. There are thus grounds for separating environmental rights into an independent section which occupies a particular place in the structure of human rights.

Unit 6

Text 1 Read and translate the text, retell it.

Environmental Protection

We all love our native land, beautiful nature with its blue lakes and rivers, thick forests, with its animal and plant kingdom. We are children of nature and we must be very careful in usage of natural resources.

People have lived on our planet for many years. They lived and live on different continents, in different countries. People depend on their planet, on the sun ,on animals and plants around them. People must take care of Earth. Our ecology becomes worse and worse with every new day. People destruct wildlife, cut down trees to make furniture. They forget that people can’t leave without trees and plants, because they fill air with oxygen. And, of course, great problems are population and animals destruction. The main reason of pollution is rubbish. Most our rubbish go to big holes in the ground, called ‘dumps’. But dumps are very dangerous for our life because they are full of rats, which can carry infections away from dumps. Another way to get rid of rubbish is to burn it. But the fires make poisons, which go into the air and pollute it. And the seas are in danger too. They are filled with poison: industrial and nuclear waste. The Mediterranean is already nearly died: the North sea is following. If nothing is done about it one day nothing will be able to live in seas. Every ten minutes one kind of animal or plant dies out forever.

Of course, people can’t stay indifferent to these problems. There a lot of special organizations, which try to save our nature. One of them is Greenpeace. Greenpeace began its work20 years ago from saving whales. And now Greenpeace is a world-famous organization, which saves plants, animals and people. These organization, want to rescue animals, to help them to survive and to save jungle rain forests, which are in danger of destruction. And they also help animals because many of them have already gone as they have nowhere to live. Their homes, the trees, have disappeared. We must save wild animals. And we must find the right way to save land, people and animals. We must take care of nature, because we are part of it.

People are beginning to realize that environmental problems are not somebody else’s. They join and support various international organizations and green parties. If governments wake up to what is happening – perhaps we’ll be able to avoid the disaster that threatens the natural world and all of us with it.

Destruction знищення

dump звалище

TASK 1

Warm-up

1. What are the most threatening environmental issues today?

2. Is there anything you can personally do about the environment and its protection?

3. Discuss the following proverbs about the environment

a) When spider webs unite, they can tie up a lion.

b) There are no passengers on Spaceship Earth. We are all crew.

c) Earth is not a gift from our parents it is a loan for our children.

EXERCISE 1 Translate the following sentences

1.Ми повинні бережно ставитись до природних ресурсів. 2. Люди залежать від планети, сонця, рослин і тварин. 3. Основна причина забруднення планети це сміття. 4. Звалища дуже небезпечні для життя. 5. Кожні десять хвилин зникає один вид рослин або тварин. 6. Зараз Грин Пис відома у світі організація. 7. Пожежі утворюють отруту, яка забруднює повітря.

Read the text and say what the main idea of this text is

Many reptiles in Europe threatened with extinction

We already wrote about the serious mammals decline around the globe but sadly the same goes with reptiles, especially in Europe. Latest data by International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) shows how 21 percent of reptiles in Europe are at risk of going extinct. 23 percent of amphibians share the same risk.

As in many other cases around the globe the biggest factor for such decline is habitat loss. Humans need more and more space for themselves so they are destroying animal habitats leaving animals with no space needed for survival. Habitat loss is the biggest problem these animals are facing, but some other ecological problems are also playing their part in this sad story like climate change, pollution and the growing number of invasive species in their habitats.

Study also showed that more than half of frog, toad, salamander and newt species are experiencing serious decline in their population which has serious effect on many ecosystems across the Europe causing tremendous biodiversity loss across the whole continent. This latest reports shows how reptiles and amphibians in Europe are facing higher risk of extinction than for instance European birds or mammals.

Europe has 151 species of reptiles and 85 species of amphibian, many of which are only found on this continent. If current trend continues many of these species will be lost forever. Currently there are six reptiles classified as critically endangered, 11 are endangered, and 10 are vulnerable. This number will soon become much bigger unless something is done. What European leaders need to do is put more efforts in solving this issue as they have to find the way to make it easier for wildlife to thrive in these areas.