Vocabulary:

mostly — головним чином

underground water — підземні води

bay —бухта

harmful — шкідливий

living beings — живі істоти

to contain — містити в собі

to require — вимагати

moderately — помірно

to survive — вижити

quantity — кількість

shellfish — молюск

to harvest — проводити масове полювання, збирати врожай

to ingest — ковтати

to lessen — зменшуватись

petroleum products — нафтопродукти

lubrication — мастило

accidental — випадковий

to spill — проливаться

tanker truck — вантажний танкер

leak — тікти, протечка

underground storage tank — підземні сховища

to remain — залишатися

to absorb — поглинати

tissue — тканина, носова хустинка

contaminated — заражений

to suffer — страждати

lethal form — летальний результат

exhausts — вихлопні гази

liver — печінка

kidney — нирка

nutrient — живильна речовина, добриво

sewage —нечистоти

storm drains — дренажі

circumstance — обставина

EXERCISE 2 Translate the following sentences using the active vocabulary.

1.Вода необхідна для життя. 2. Забруднення води вбиває рибу, птахів, рослини і тварин. 3. Шкідливо їсти рибу і молюсків з забруднених водойм. 4. забруднювачі можуть бути розділені на декілька різних видів. 5. Вилив нафти пошкоджує пір’я птахів та хутро тварин і може призвести до їхньої смерті. 6. Хімічні речовини можуть залишатися небезпечними довгій проміжок часу. 7. важкі метали можуть спричинити пошкодження нирок і печінки. 8.Нітрати можуть бути причиною летальної форм анемії у немовлят. 9. важкі метали накопичуються у клітках живих істот. 10. Забруднення води може визвати серйозні наслідки в майбутньому.

EXERCISE 3 Translate the following sentences using the active vocabulary.

1. In the smaller villages, it's mostly (= usually) very quiet at nights. 2. We sailed into a beautiful, secluded bay.

3. This group of chemicals is known to be harmful to people with asthma. 4. It requires careful consideration. 5. Hard work will be required of students in this course.6. The house requires painting.7. The cabin is of moderate size - just right for a small family.8. He is survived by his wife and two children. 9. Her body died, her fame survives. 10. It's quality not quantity that really counts. 11. This recipe is only for four, so I usually do double the quantity if I'm cooking for my family. 12. Lobsters, crabs, prawns and oysters are all shellfish. 13. In the US, winter wheat is harvested in the early summer. 14. The chemicals can be poisonous if ingested. 15. A healthy diet can lessen the risk of heart disease. 16. A car engine needs to be well lubricated with oil. 17. His hand brushed against hers; it could have been either accidental or deliberate.18. The grain had spilled onto the road. 19. No wonder the engine got overheated, the oil has been leaking away during the whole journey. 20. Mother was advised to remain indoors for a week. 21. Certain chemicals are easily absorbed into the bloodstream, while others are not. 22. He used a piece of tissue to clean his sunglasses.

EXERCISE 4. Write down the words instead of their definitions.

a fact or event that makes a situation the way it is;

waste matter such as water or human urine or solid waste;

any substance which plants or animals need in order to live and grow;

to make something less pure or make it poisonous;

to take something in, especially gradually;

happening by chance;

to use a substance such as oil to make a machine operate more easily, or to prevent something sticking or rubbing;

to continue to live or exist, especially after coming close to dying or being destroyed or after being in a difficult or threatening situation;

to need or make necessary.

Read the text and say what the main idea of this text is

Connection between deforestation and climate change - Quick facts

Forests play key role in fight against climate change because they absorb large quantities of CO2 from the atmosphere, especially rainforests. This is the reason why forests are sometimes called as "the nature answer to global warming".

As the climate change impact will increase in years to come so will the chance of wildfires and busfires that will become more frequent and powerful enough to destroy many of our forests.

Old tropical rainforests that are absorbing most CO2 are disappearing very fast. These ancient forests have big effect on overall climate.

Current rates of deforestation in many parts of the world are horrific and this gives additional boost to already serious climate change problem.

Tropical rainforests are home of many unique species, and areas with the richest biodiversity in the world. If they are destroyed, global warming effect will be far more powerful, and many species will go extinct.

Amazon rainforest is the biggest rainforest in the world. Deforestation of Amazon rainforest contributes to 75% of total Brazilian greenhouse gas emissions.

Forest funding should be much more used in order to prevent deforestation in developing countries because forests play key role in fight against global warming.

Deforestation on global level causes one fifth of total world's greenhouse emissions. The more forest we lose the less CO2 remains in the atmosphere.

Forest funding is not enough without the funding control of where exactly do these funds end. Only then forest funding can make the difference in forest preservation.

The Passive Voice

Present Continuous

passive subject	'to be'	past participle
The factory	is being	built
The books	are being	read

Past Continuous

passive subject	'to be'	past participle
The film	was being	discussed	at that time
The letters	were being	written	when I came in

EXERCISE 1 Change the following sentences into the Passive Voice.

Example: They are solving a difficult problem now. — The problem is being solved now.

1. Don't come in! The professor is examining students. 2. Can I read the article? — No, the secretary is typing it. 3. We had to hurry. They were waiting for us. 4. It was noisy. Nobody was listening to him. 5. Does he realize that they are laughing at him? 6, Look at this man. I think he is following us. 7. Listen carefully! He is giving a very interesting talk. 8, The waiter is serving us rather fast, 9. The secretary was looking through morning mail. 10. The interpreter is translating their conversation rather well. 11. The briefing is in full swing. The correspondents are interviewing the participants of the conference. 12, The company was developing a new project. 13. You can't watch the film now. The mechanic is fixing the TV set.

EXERCISE 2 Translate the following sentences. Explain the use of the verb forms.

1. The film is being much talked about. 2. The road is still being repaired. 3. An office block is being near our school. 4. Some building work is being done in Park Avenue. 5. A new machine is being tested in the lab. 6. This question is still being discussed. 7. This material is still being used, isn't? 8. Do you know that your voice is being recorded? 9. Is the floor in the sitting room still being polished? 10. The talks are still being held.

EXERCISE 3 Respond to the following.

1) e.g.- Don't enter the room -Why?

-The floor is being painted there.

1. Don't enter the work-shop. (carry out an experiment) 2. Don't enter the assembly-hall.(hold a scientific conference) 3. Don't ride this way. (widen the road) 4. Don't enter the kitchen (install a gas stove) 5. Don't switch on the light. ( fix a lamp) 6. You can't take the tape recorder(repair)7. Don't go to the library today.(remove the furniture)

2) e.g.-What's going on in that room?(pack the things) -The things are being packed there.

1. What's going on in the sitting room? (lay the table) 2. What's going on in the park? (cut the grass) 3. What's going on in the laboratory? (test a new device) 4. What's going on in the garage? (repair the car) 5. What's going on in the lecture hall? (discuss the production plan) 6. What's going on in the office? (polish the floor)

3) e.g.- Can I have a look at the letter?(type) -I'm afraid you can't. It is still being typed.

1. Can I take the documents?(sign) 2. Can I see the visitors?(show round the plant) 3. Can I take the book?(read) 4. Can I use the tape recorder?(repair) 5. Can I study here? (wash the floor)

EXERCISE 4. Translate the following sentences. Explain the use of the verb forms.

1. Huge blocks of flats were being built all last year. 2. When we came the pool was being filled with water. 3.1 was told that my article was still being typed. 4. The car was being repaired the whole day yesterday. 5. When I left the meeting, the problem was still being discussed. 6. When I entered the hall, the young specialists were being instructed what to do. 7. At 6 o'clock the floor was still being polished.

EXERCISE 5 Transform the sentences using the Passive Voice.

e.g.- When I entered the hall they were holding a meeting there. When I entered the hall a meeting was being held there.

l. When I joined the visitors, the foreman was showing them round the machine shop. 2. When I entered the room they were still discussing the article. 3. At 5 o'clock the professor was still examining the students. 4. When we arrived in Kiev, they were still building the underground. 5. When I left the laboratory, they were still testing the device.

EXERCISE 6 Make complex sentences.

e.g. Enter the kitchen, cook my favourite dish.

When I entered the kitchen, my favourite dish was being cooked.

1. Arrive in Minsk, build the underground. 2. Switch on TV, show an interesting

film. 3. Arrive at the airport, see off the delegation. 4. Enter the Personnel

Department, interview a new economist. 5. Leave the meeting, discuss the resolution.

EXERCISE 7 Change active sentences to passive and vice versa:

A client delayed Joanne when she was leaving the office.

The tennis club was holding a meeting at 6.30.

The doorway was blocked by Sheba, the dog.

Joanne had to take Sheba to the vet

Her condition worried the vet.

The dog was treated by the vet while Joanne went home

The telephone call confused Joanne.

The vet told Joanne to get out of the house

The police captured the burglar.

The dog had bitten off his fingers.

Самостійна робота

Read the article, translate it, write down all the unknown words for you, learn them and express the main idea of the article.

How Acid Rain Harms Trees

Acid rain does not usually kill trees directly. Instead, it is more likely to weaken trees by damaging their leaves, limiting the nutrients available to them, or exposing them to toxic substances slowly released from the soil. Quite often, injury or death of trees is a result of these effects of acid rain in combination with one or more additional threats.

Scientists know that acidic water dissolves the nutrients and helpful minerals in the soil and then washes them away before trees and other plants can use them to grow. At the same time, acid rain causes the release of substances that are toxic to trees and plants, such as aluminum, into the soil. Scientists believe that this combination of loss of soil nutrients and increase of toxic aluminum may be one way that acid rain harms trees. Such substances also wash away in the runoff and are carried into streams, rivers, and lakes. More of these substances are released from the soil when the rainfall is more acidic.

However, trees can be damaged by acid rain even if the soil is well buffered. Forests in high mountain regions often are exposed to greater amounts of acid than other forests because they tend to be surrounded by acidic clouds and fog that are more acidic than rainfall. Scientists believe that when leaves are frequently bathed in this acid fog, essential nutrients in their leaves and needles are stripped away. This loss of nutrients in their foliage makes trees more susceptible to damage by other environmental factors, particularly cold winter weather.

Human Health

Acid rain looks, feels, and tastes just like clean rain. The harm to people from acid rain is not direct. Walking in acid rain, or even swimming in an acid lake, is no more dangerous than walking or swimming in clean water. However, the pollutants that cause acid rain—sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx)—do damage human health. These gases interact in the atmosphere to form fine sulfate and nitrate particles that can be transported long distances by winds and inhaled deep into people's lungs. Fine particles can also penetrate indoors. Many scientific studies have identified a relationship between elevated levels of fine particles and increased illness and premature death from heart and lung disorders, such as asthma and bronchitis.

Based on health concerns, SO2 and NOx have historically been regulated under the Clean Air Act, including the Acid Rain Program. In the eastern U.S., sulfate aerosols make up about 25 percent of fine particles. By lowering SO2 and NOx emissions from power generation, the Acid Rain Program will reduce the levels of fine sulfate and nitrate particles and so reduce the incidence and the severity of these health problems. When fully implemented by the year 2010, the public health benefits of the Acid Rain Program are estimated to be valued at $50 billion annually, due to decreased mortality, hospital admissions, and emergency room visits.

Decreases in NOx emissions are also expected to have a beneficial impact on human health by reducing the nitrogen oxides available to react with volatile organic compounds and form ozone. Ozone impacts on human health include a number of morbidity and mortality risks associated with lung inflammation, including asthma and emphysema.

Unit 5

Text 1 Read and translate the text pay attention to the new words. Contextualize them

Global warming

“Global warming” has been introduced by the scientific community and the media as the term that encompasses all potential changes in climate that result from higher average global temperatures. Hundreds of scientists from many different countries are working to understand global warming and have come to a consensus on several important aspects. In general, Global warming will produce far more profound climatic changes than simply a rise in global temperature.

An analysis of temperature records shows that the Earth has warmed an average of 0.5°C over the past 100 years. This is consistent with predictions of global warming due to an enhanced greenhouse effect and increased aerosols. Part of the current global warmth is associated with the tropical El Nino, without which a record global temperature would probably not have occurred.

The Earth's climate is the result of extremely complex interactions among the atmosphere, the oceans, the land masses, and living organisms, which are all warmed daily by the sun's energy. This heat would radiate back into space if not for the atmosphere, which relies on a delicate balance of heat-trapping gases - including water vapour, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, and methane - to act as a natural "greenhouse," keeping in just the right amount of the sun's energy to support life.

For the past 150 years, though, the atmospheric concentrations of these gases, particularly carbon dioxide, have been rising. As a result, more heat is being trapped than previously, which in turn is causing the global temperature to rise. Climate scientists have linked the increased levels of heat-trapping gases in the atmosphere to human activities, in particular the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas for heating and electricity; gasoline for transportation), deforestation, cattle ranching, and rice farming.

As the Earth's climate is the result of extremely complex interactions, scientists still cannot predict the exact impact on the earth's climate of these rising levels of heat-trapping gases over the next century. The current best estimate is that if carbon dioxide concentrations double over preindustrial levels, according to the scientific possible scenarios, an atmospheric doubling of carbon dioxide could occur as early as 2050.

In 1995, scientists with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change - the authoritative international body charged with studying this issue-reached a conclusion in the Second Assessment Report, which summarizes the current state of scientific knowledge on global warming, also called climate change.

For the first time ever, the Panel concluded that the observed increase in global average temperature over the last century "is unlikely to be entirely natural in origin" and that "the balance of evidence suggests that there is a discernible human influence on global climate."