- •Contents
- •Предисловие
- •Introduction to ecology
- •Practical action
- •Population and resources
- •Chemicals in farming
- •The greenhouse effect
- •Conservation of the land
- •Acid rains
- •Preserving the environment
- •Help us help the environment
- •I know That’s a great idea
- •Introduction
- •Increase / lead / create / threaten / result / damage / cause / reduce
- •A lichen pollution test
- •Pollution
- •Transport and pollution
- •Soil erosion
- •Saving the environment
- •Recycling britain
- •Tropical rainforests
- •The amazon rainforest
- •The beauty of scotland – how long will it last?
- •It’s your environment
- •Introduction
- •Weather control
- •The russian climate
- •Types of climate
- •Climate
- •Is the greenhouse effect affecting our climate?
- •Global warming
- •Local news in brief
- •Climate extremes
- •Introduction
- •Britain’s national parks
- •The big five
- •Introduction
- •Biodiversity
- •Coniferous and deciduous forests
- •Siberia’s fauna is amazingly rich
- •The richness and diversity of russia’s natural resources
- •In the estuary of the lena
- •Introduction
- •Losses of biodiversity
- •Ecology: organisms and their interaction
- •Introduction
- •The caspian sea The General Information About the Caspian Sea
- •General Geographical Characteristics of the Caspian Sea
- •Ecological condition of the black sea
- •The ganges
- •The mississippi
- •Introduction
- •The world’s great lake
- •Factfile
- •On the coast of baikal
- •The sustainable development
- •White cliffs of dover
- •About national parks
- •Cairngorms
- •About lake district national park
- •Nature, landscape and the environment
- •Backpacker’s top tips!
- •Drayton manor park
- •The lake district
- •Tourism: a blessing or a curse?
- •Uk wildlife – sos!
- •Heritage coasts
- •Looking after the environment
- •Introduction
- •Introduction
- •Introduction
- •Paragraphs 2 and 3
- •Conclusion
- •My home – love it or hate it!
- •Hints on writing business letters
- •Curriculum vitae
- •Business letter
- •Types of Business Correspondence in the Contemporary Office
- •How to become a good presenter
- •How to use visual aids
- •Expressions to introduce and explain your visuals
- •Four Basic Types of Questions:
- •The do’s and dont’s when presenting youself in public
- •Attitude Knowledge Skills
- •The do’s and dont’s when presenting youself in public
- •The do’s and dont’s when presenting youself in public
- •The do’s and dont’s when presenting youself in public
- •Supplementary reading
- •Environment
- •Human impact on the natural environment
- •Environmental protection
- •Environmental factors
- •Modification of the atmosphere
- •Pollutants in the Atmosphere
- •What’s going to be like tomorrow? andy gray explores the science of modern weather forecasting
- •How are people affected by a
- •Volcano eruption?
- •The great forests
- •Deforestation
- •Malaysia
- •South America
- •The greenhouse effect
- •Shenandoah national park
- •Conflicts in national parks
- •The temples of nature
- •Desert plants
- •Save our seeds
- •The man who can survive anywhere
- •Ecotourism in russia: perspective regions, resources, achievements of international projects, possibilities for cooperation
- •Infrastructure:
- •Information, marketing:
- •Nature conservation management plans
- •The purpose of a management plan
- •Vocabulary
- •Bibliography
- •Useful links
- •Английский язык Учебное пособие
- •625003, Г. Тюмень, ул. Семакова, 10.
Factfile
Lake Baikal is the most ancient lake on the earth, it’s great age is more than 25 million years. So, it is the oldest body of fresh water.
It is the deepest lake, measuring 1,635 metres from top to bottom, more than a mile.
It holds one-fifth of the planet’s fresh water and 80 per cent of the former Soviet Union’s – more water than all of North America’s Great Lakes combined.
Baikal extends for 635 kilometres from north-east to south-west, covering the area of 30,500 square kilometres.
Baikal sits in the planet’s deepest land depression. Its depression formed of hard, fixed rocks holds 23,000cu km of chemically very pure and extraordinary clear water.
Its cold waters move vertically, carrying oxygen to the bottom, where 1,500 endemic species were spotted. Lake Tahoe has two endemic species, Lake Superior – four endemic species.
Fifty-two species of fish inhabit these waters.
Baikal owes its longevity to the tectonically active rift it occupies, which may cause it to widen by as much as 2,5 centimetres each year.
The Buryat – ethnic Mongols – settled its shores long before the 13th century conquests of Genghis Khan. Russian fur traders arrived in the 1640s.
8.11. Read the text On the Coast of Baikal and answer the questions after it.
On the coast of baikal
For 50 kilometres along the Baikal coast the reservation earth is spreading.
The reservation is situated on west slopes of the Barguzin chain. The total surface of the reservation is about 263,000 hectares.
There is a strong influence of Baikal on season changes of climate, on fauna and flora composition. In summer and autumn the lake cools the coastline, in winter and autumn it warms. Among the trees of the coast taiga a larch is mainly dominating. On the trees nearby the lake “white-tail” eagles and ospreys are making their nests.
The taiga occupying more than a half of the reservation territory, dresses in velvet the slopes of the Barguzin ridge. And in its value for the life of animals the taiga takes the main place. The mountain taiga is a kingdom of cedars and firs, of a dark Barguzin sable. The lives of many inhabitants of the taiga is connected with cedars which give them food and shelter.
Forests protect slopes of the mountains from floods, they accumulate moisture of rains and snow and give it slowly to Baikal.
Steep rocky sides of high mountains are covered with large thickets of cedar dwarf. Below, along the wide plain valleys of rivers and springs spreading are sparse growths of trees, mostly of stone birch and fur and more rarely – of spruce and poplar.
The reservation winter is cold, snowy, but rather mild, by Siberian judge. Almost for half a year it lasts on the Baikal coastline. And it is usually getting calm, sunny and frosty only after Baikal is frozen up.
The summer in the reservation is cool, cloudy with mists, frequent rains.
Summer begins here only in the second half of July. In summer time reservation inhabitants are busy with the cares of their young generation, with the preparations for winter. In August, the warmest month, berries ripen, mushrooms appear, the autumn flying of birds begins.
In September the time of the golden autumn is coming. Colours of the golden autumn are fading away under wind and rain. The taiga is getting dark, from day to day the net of the larches crowns is getting more transparent. At the end of October snow covers all the earth till the spring comes.
1. What adjectives are used to describe: the taiga, seasons, mountains?
2. What words are used to describe the beauty of the Barguzin reservation (reserve)?
3. In which parts of the world can you find the following trees: larch, birch, cedar, fir, spruce, poplar?
4. What is a hectare equal to?
5. Is a lake: a) bigger than a pond b) smaller than a pond c) the same size?
6. What is the opposite of steep?
7. Give the definitions of flora and fauna.
8. Give the synonyms of mist, frequent, dominate, ridge.
8.12. Which descriptions best fit Lake Baikal?
1. large, beautiful and interesting
2. deep, huge and popular
3. unique, ancient and great
8.13. Read the text The Sustainable Development of Eco-tourism in the Baikal Region below and answer the questions after it.