Questions for discussion

What is the aim of any scientific conference?

What does the program of the conference consist of?

What time is given for each presentation?

What does the social program of any Congress and conference include?

What is the working language of any International Congress and Conference ?

What is usually the major goal of any Congress?

Does the procedure of any Conference and Congress include plenary, workshops,

special and poster sessions?

Have You ever taken part at any conference and congress?

What city was the venue of the conference you took part in?

What did the social program of the Conference include?

What technical aids are usually used at conferences and congresses?

What are the usual forms of participation at conferences and congresses?

Text 1

1. What is the main theme and goal of the conference/

OPENING ADDRESS

Mr. President, Distinguished Guests, Dear Colleagues!

(1) It is an honor and a great pleasure to welcome you here to the International Congress on Fluid Mechanics.

(2) I would like to give a special welcome to the President of the International Physical Society, Professor Thomas Johnson, who was able to come to this congress. I wish to express our very warm welcome to the Director of the National Institute of Tech­ nology, Professor Robert Hensel. I would like to extend a particu­ lar welcome to the people from foreign countries who visit us to­ day.

(3) Four years have passed since our previous congress, which was very successful. The papers on that occasion covered a very wide range of subjects and were documented advances in our dis­cipline. In the past few years there has been great progress in the field of fluid mechanics, especially in its physical and mathemati­cal foundations. But although we know the main features of the mechanism underlying the flow of liquids, much further research has to be done to understand its nature.

(4) At the present congress both fundamental problems and specific technological applications will be emphasized. The papers to be presented are concerned with a wide range of theoretical and experimental problems. The primary purpose of this meeting is to give the participants an opportunity to report their latest findings and to exchange their ideas.

(5) We are pleased that so many people from all over the world have come to attend this congress. There are 850 active participants from 28 countries attending this meeting. This week's program of the congress includes plenary sessions as well as sec­tion meetings. There will be symposia dealing with various topics of general interest and sessions concerned with more specific problems.

(6) We expect that the present congress will contribute to the understanding of fundamental and applied problems in fluid me­chanics. We also hope that the congress will provide opportunities for personal exchanges of scientific results and the strengthening

6. Read the text paying special attention to its structure. Identify the main compositional parts.

A PAPER AT A SCIENTIFIC SESSION

Mr. Chairman, Dear Colleagues, Ladies and Gentlemen!

(1) It is a great pleasure for me to attend this session and to have an opportunity to give a talk here.

(2) In my talk today I am going to deal with the phase transi­ tion of solid furan at 150.0 K. The polymorphic solids of furan have been investigated by calorimetric, X-ray, nuclear magnetic resonance, and infrared spectroscopic methods. However, all these experiments have not determined the properties of solid furan in the vicinity of the phase transition at 150. 0 K. Since vibrational excitations are very sensitive to the immediate environment of a given molecule in the crystal, we expected that their study should contribute to a better understanding of polymorphism in solid furan. The subject therefore, I believe, might be both of theoreti­ cal and practical interest.

(3) In this talk I shall first present an experimental study of the infrared spectra of solid furan close to the phase transition. I shall then turn to the discussion of the results obtained. And fi­ nally I shall comment on the nature of the phase transformation in solid furan.

(4) First then, the experiment. A low temperature infrared cell has been built where the temperature is automatically controlled throughout the range of 80-300 К with a very high precision, namely 0.1 K. By condensation of furan vapor on a window cooled at a temperature below 150 К we obtained phase II. By heating the window we attained a total sublimation of the crystal at the transition temperature. The spectra were recorded on a Perkin-Elemer model 125 spectrometer.

(5) Now I'll pass over to the consideration of the results ob­tained. Slide 1, please. The slide shows the results of one series of measurements in the 580-620 cm-1 region. The spectra are re­corded in steps of 0.1 К near the transition point during heating. It should be stressed that in the high temperature phase the com­ponents of the band due to exciton splitting disappear. The infra­red data suggest that the transition is sudden. The multiplet struc­ture of the exciton bands observed in the low temperature phase indicates an ordered crystal. In the high temperature phase the

(6) From our data it can be concluded that the vibrational excitons interactions are very sensitive to the phase transition in solid furan and vibrational excitons are present in their disordered phase. Thank you.

When the presentation of the paper is over the speaker usually takes questions. When answering, the speaker may feel the need to comment on the question or apologize for a certain looseness in definitions, citations, data estimation etc. Here are some possible ways of a) responding to questions and b) apologizing for lack of clarity in answers.

a) commenting on a question or a point of view expressed

That's a good question. Thank you for asking it.