- •In the process of translation
- •1. Translation as a notion and subject.
- •- The particular (specific) theories of translation study the linguistic aspects of translation from one given language to another given language.
- •3. Basic approaches to translation/ Basic translation theories (methods).
- •4. Faithful and equivalent translation.
- •5. Pragmatics of translation.
- •6. Types of grammatical transformations.
- •Rearrangement/ permutation
- •Is change in the order of the components in the sentence/ utterance
- •Substitution is transference of an idea expressed by a definite grammatical category in the sl by a different grammatical category of the tl
- •Addition
- •Implies supplementing some elements in the tl version to adequately render the meaning of the source language utterance.
- •Omission
- •Is leaving out some elements in the tl version as superfluous (зайвий).
- •Integration/ merger
- •Is transformation of a sl complex sentence into a tl simple one or joining of two separate sl sentences into one composite sentence in the tl.
- •Partitioning (breaking)
- •Is either replacing in translation of a source sentence by two or more target ones or converting a simple source sentence into a compound/ complex/ composite target one.
- •It goes without saying that in most cases grammatical transformations are accompanied by changes in the lexical structure of the utterance.
Substitution is transference of an idea expressed by a definite grammatical category in the sl by a different grammatical category of the tl
He is an early riser = He rises early = Він рано встає
She is a good dancer = She dances well= Вона гарно танцює.
At the age of 18 Charles earned an honest living =Чарльз чесно заробляв собі на життя.
The French president – президент Франції.
An industrial accident”, the doctor said (Hemingway)
Нещасний випадок на заводі, – сказав доктор.
The door was opened by Jack.= Jack opened the door = Двері відчинив Джек
Minutes later, it seemed I was awakened by someone shaking me (H.Lee)
Здавалося, минуло всього кілька хвилин, а мене уже хтось торсав за плечі.
Addition
Implies supplementing some elements in the tl version to adequately render the meaning of the source language utterance.
The roads were sentinelled by oaks.
Обабіч дороги, ніби вартові (мов на варті), стояли дуби.
He waved her into a car.
Він дав їй знак рукою, щоб вона сіла у машину.
E.g.2: He helped him into the car. Він допоміг йому сісти в машину.
Omission
Is leaving out some elements in the tl version as superfluous (зайвий).
- She helped him with his English, corrected his pronunciation, and started him on arithmetic. Вона допомагала йому в англійській мові, виправляла вимову й учила арифметики.
- The treaty was declared null and void. Договір було оголошено недійсним (анульовано).
REDUCTION (стягнення, скорочення) is replacement of a SL syntactical unit by a TL unit of a more simple structure.
She gave him a little smile and took his hand (Maugham)
Вона грайливо посміхнулася і взяла його руку. – phraseological expression
Integration/ merger
Is transformation of a sl complex sentence into a tl simple one or joining of two separate sl sentences into one composite sentence in the tl.
It may be required by the content, as well as by the nationally specific way of expression, or by the style of the text.
Олена любить усі свої ролі. Якщо якусь з них довго не танцює то починає сумувати.
Olena loves all her roles and even misses them should too much time pass without performing them.“
I talk to him like I don’t know what. I get so excited (D.Parker) “ Я як розійдуся, то такого наговорю, що й сама не знаю що”.
Partitioning (breaking)
Is either replacing in translation of a source sentence by two or more target ones or converting a simple source sentence into a compound/ complex/ composite target one.
Come along and see me play one evening.
Приходь коли-небудь ввечері – побачиш, як я граю.
This was a man to be seen and to be understood.
Щоб зрозуміти, треба було побачити.
It goes without saying that in most cases grammatical transformations are accompanied by changes in the lexical structure of the utterance.
Rearrangement Substitution
Rearrangement Substitution and
Addition and Omission then
Reduction, Integration and
Partitioning we need
so that we could translate it