- •In the process of translation
- •1. Translation as a notion and subject.
- •- The particular (specific) theories of translation study the linguistic aspects of translation from one given language to another given language.
- •3. Basic approaches to translation/ Basic translation theories (methods).
- •4. Faithful and equivalent translation.
- •5. Pragmatics of translation.
- •6. Types of grammatical transformations.
- •Rearrangement/ permutation
- •Is change in the order of the components in the sentence/ utterance
- •Substitution is transference of an idea expressed by a definite grammatical category in the sl by a different grammatical category of the tl
- •Addition
- •Implies supplementing some elements in the tl version to adequately render the meaning of the source language utterance.
- •Omission
- •Is leaving out some elements in the tl version as superfluous (зайвий).
- •Integration/ merger
- •Is transformation of a sl complex sentence into a tl simple one or joining of two separate sl sentences into one composite sentence in the tl.
- •Partitioning (breaking)
- •Is either replacing in translation of a source sentence by two or more target ones or converting a simple source sentence into a compound/ complex/ composite target one.
- •It goes without saying that in most cases grammatical transformations are accompanied by changes in the lexical structure of the utterance.
5. Pragmatics of translation.
To the users of the language its words are not just indifferent, unemotional labels of objects or ideas. The people develop a certain attitude to the words they use. Some of the words acquire definite implications, they evoke a positive or negative response, and they are associated with certain theories, beliefs, likes or dislikes. In other words, we speak about different connotations (associations) that make up an important part of a word meaning and may produce various impacts on the Receptor.
The communicants involved in interlingual communication speak different languages, but they also belong to different cultures, have different general knowledge, different social and historical background. This fact has a considerable impact on the translator’ strategy since the most truthful rendering of ST contents may sometimes be partially misunderstood by the receptors of the translation or fail to produce a similar effect on them.
Since the pragmatic effect plays an important part in communication, its preservation in translation is the primary concern of the translator, though it is by no means an easy task.
! The pragmatics of the text is part of the contents of the text. It is a meaningful element whose preservation is desirable at any level of equivalence. The pragmatics of the original text should be as understandable to TR as they are to SR.
! An adequate rendering of the message by TR may necessitate expanding or modifying the original message to make it meaningful to the members of a different language community.
6. Types of grammatical transformations.
By grammatical transformations we mean changes in the grammatical structure of the sentence in the process of translation.
English is an analytical language. Words in a sentence are connected by word order, that is syntactically, while in Ukrainian or Russian (synthetical languages) – by both the word order and inflexions. Here both morphological and syntactical aspects play an equal role. This priority of syntax in English creates some difficulties for translation.
Rearrangement (permutation) (Miram: transposition)
Substitution (replacement)
Addition (transformation through extension)
Omission
Reduction
Integration (merger – (Korunets’))
Partitioning (breaking)
Rearrangement/ permutation
Is change in the order of the components in the sentence/ utterance
E.g.: A mass demonstration of the unemployed took place in London yesterday.
Вчора в Лондоні відбулася масова демонстрація безробітних.
E.g.: A dog growled in one of the yards as the men went by(Steinbeck) – Коли чоловіки проходили повз один з будинків, у його дворі загарчав собака.
structures There is/ There are
(Cf: There is a book on the table vs The book is on the table vs A book is on the table);
E.g.1: There was real passion in his voice, and in spite of myself I was impressed (W.S.Maugham);
– У його голосі відчувалась справжня пристрасть; всупереч моєму бажанню вона захопила мене.
E.g.2: There was no possibility of taking a walk that day (Ch.Bronte)
– Того дня ми не змогли піти на прогулянку.
E.g.3: There were sounds coming from the Castle Rock (W.Golding)
– З замку долинали звуки.