3)Functions of management.Planning, organizing, commanding, coordinating, controlling.

Human Relations Approach . Hawthorne Studies

Human Relations Approach. Hawthorne Studies. The human aspects of work and organisation were not ignored but treated as a secondary issue in increasing the efficiency of enterprises.

Professor Mayo and his colleagues held a series of experiments on how working conditions affected output.

The researchers came to the conclusion that social relations among workers and their bosses affected output, quality of work and motivation. Another important finding was that a worker needed more than money and good working conditions to be productive. The feeling of belonging to a group and the status within that group strongly affected the behavior.

Human Relations Movement The Theory of . Douglas McGregor (1906-1964) introduced the concept that the attitudes managers hold about the nature of people greatly influence their behavior. His Theory X and Theory Y were ideal types describing typical management attitudes presented in terms of assumptions. The theory X managers behaved according to the following assumptions: * The average person dislikes work and will avoid it if possible; * The average employee has little ambition, prefers direction and desires job security above all other outcomes; * Most employees avoid taking on responsibilities; * Therefore, most people must be coerced, directed and closely supervised or threatened to get them to put in adequate effort to achieve organizational objectives. The Theory Y managers behaved according to the different set of assumptions: * The expenditure of effort, both physical and mental, is as natural as play or rest; * Control and direction are not the only means of stimulating effort; a person will exercise self-control and self-direction; * The average person learns, when encouraged, and is prepared to both accept and seek responsibility; * People are interested in demonstrating imagination, ingenuity and creativity to sokve organizational problems; * In most industrial jobs, employees’ intellectual potential is only partially tapped.

Management Science/Quantitative Approach

Management science is a quantitatively oriented discipline, studying such topics as time-and-motion experiments, inventory control, work flow, computers and systems theory.

This approach builds mathematical models and uses a wide range of mathematical techniques that have been developed to help organizations solve problems and optimize the supply. The tools used in Operation Research are probability theory, queuing and game theory, linear programming, decisions tree.

Integrating Approaches. Two integrative trends have developed: Systems Approach.

The approach is built around the idea of system. The idea is called synergy.

Within every organization there are many systems, from the company at large to the various departments and units within it. Division, departments and individuals all influence each other.

The systems concept is useful to managers because it helps them understand how their organizations function. The key features of systems: Holism. The system which has should be viewed as a whole; Open system. The system interacts with other systems; Hierarchy. An organization is a subsystem of the entire industry.

Contingency Approach. The focal point of this approach is the situation, the specific set of circumstances that influences the organisation most at a particular time. By this approach, managers can better understand exactly which techniques will best contribute to the achievement of organizational objectives in a particular situation. The methodology of the contingency approach can be expressed as a four-step process.

1. The manager must become familiar with the tools of the management profession.

2. Every management concept and technique has both advantages and disadvantages;

3. The manager needs to be able to interpret the situation properly;

4. The manager must be able to match the specific techniques with the fewest potential drawbacks to the specific situation.