Дополнительные материалы по грамматике

Will vs. be going to

Exercise

Fill in the blanks either with will or be going to

1. I feel really tired. I think I ______ go to bed.

2 Where are you going? I ______ visit a customer.

3. Do you want me to help you? No thanks. John ______ help me.

4 Would you prefer tea or coffee? I ______ have some coffee, please.

5 Would you like to come to my house for dinner and talk about this? Good idea. I ______ bring some wine.

6 I've already decided. I ______ buy a new car.

7 What are your plans for next week? I ______ to fly to New York on business. Probably on Tuesday but I haven't bought my ticket yet.

8. It's 8.30! You're _______ the train!

9 Why are you wearing your best suit? I ______ have lunch with my biggest customer.

10 Do you want to have the chicken or the beef? I think ______ have the beef.

11. The sky is very black. It _____ snow.

12 We need some more ink for the printer. I ______ go to the shop and get some.

13 Look! There's smoke coming out of the photocopier. You turn it off and I ______ phone the safety officer

14. I crashed the company car. My boss ________(not) very happy!

15. I need to speak to you today. I'm going out now but I ______ be back later.

Modal Verbs

		PRESENT	PAST	FUTURE
can – мочь (умение, способность) (разрешение)	+ - ?	he can read=he is able to read (редко) he cannot (can’t) read can he read? Joe can stay up till 10.	he could read (вообще) he could not (couldn’t) read (вообще и в конкретном случае) could he read? (вообще) was he able to read the word?=managed to/succeeded in (в конкретном случае) с глаголами чувственного восприятия (see, hear, taste, etc.) для выражения конкретной возможности часто используется could I could see him in the park. When I was 10 I could watch TV all day long (обычно).	will be able to
may –мочь(возможность, разрешение)	+ - ?	he may read he may not read may he read?	might (в косвенной речи) He said I might (might not/mightn’t) take his car was/were allowed to (разрешение в конкретном случае) I wasn’t allowed to stay up late last night. Were you allowed to see her yesterday?	will be allowed to
must - быть должным, нужно (обязанность, долг)	+ - ?	he must read (I insist on it) I have to (Am.)/’ve got to (Br.) (таковы обстоятельства) he must not (must’t) read (запрет) he need not (needn’t) (=doesn’t need to) read (нет не-обходимости) must he read? (not common)=does he have to read	he had to read (в косвенной речи возможно must) he didn’t have to read he didn’t need to read - ему не пришлось(не нужно было) читать Did he have to read?	will have to
should ought to –следует (моральный долг, совет)	+ - ?	he should read he ought to read he should not (shouldn’t) read he ought not (oughtn’t) to read should he read? ought he to read?	–	–

Notes:

1.Глаголы must, can’t/couldn’t, , should/ought to, may, might, could могут употребляться в значении предположения (глаголы приведены в порядке уменьшения степени уверенности говорящего в верности предположения):

+++++He must be looking for you.

Должно быть, он ищет тебя.

– – – – – He can’t/couldn’t be looking for you.

Не может быть, чтобы он искал тебя.

++++He should/ought to be looking for you.

Вероятно, он тебя ищет.

+++It may be raining tomorrow

Вполне возможно, завтра пойдет дождь.

++It might be raining tomorrow.

Возможно, завтра пойдет дождь.

+ It could be raining tomorrow.

Может быть, завтра и пойдет дождь(но вряд ли)

2. Глагол might может употребляться в значении упрека:

e.g. You might pay more attention to your studies.

Ты мог бы уделять больше внимания учебе

3. Глагол to be в сочетании с инфинитивом показывает необходимость совершить действие по договоренности или по плану (часто в инструкциях, распоряжениях) :

e.g. All visitors entering the hospital are to wear masks. Все посещающие больных должны надевать марлевые повязки.

be to + infinitive в условных придаточных (if-clauses) может означать планируемое действие с оттенком долженствования (=to be supposed to):

e.g. If humans are to survive as a species, we must address certain environmental issues now.

Если люди хотят (намерены) выжить, они должны срочно решить некоторые экологические проблемы.

If water from the polluted rivers is to be used for drinking, the water must have extensive treatment to make it safe.

Если в качестве источника питьевой воды предполагается использовать загрязненные реки, вода будет безопасна для употребления лишь пройдя глубокую очистку.

4. Глаголы may, might, can, could используются а) для того, чтобы попросить разрешения что-либо сделать:

e.g. May/can/could I use your phone?

I wonder if I might take this book? – very tentative (очень осторожно)

Ответом на такой вопрос может быть:

Yes, you can/may (never). You sure/certainly can/may. – formal

(Yes,) sure. (You’re) welcome. (Sure,) go ahead. Help yourself (talking about food). – informal

No, you may/must not. – emphatic

I’m afraid, you can’t/may not. I’d rather you (do smth else).

Sorry,+ reason (Sorry, we are closing). – polite, neutral

б) для выражения просьбы:

Perhaps, you can/could/may help me with that bag? ≈ Will you help me with this bag?

c) для выражения предложения:

Сan/could/may I help you? ≈ Shall I help you?

5. Конструкции “one + modal verb” следует переводить на русский язык следующим образом:

One can (may) do – Можно сделать

One must (should, ought to) do – Надо (следует) сделать

One can’t (mustn’t) do – Нельзя сделать

One shouldn’t, oughtn’t to) do– Не следует делать

One needn’t do – Не нужно делать (Нет необходимости делать)

Exercises

1. Complete the sentences using can or could where possible. If can or could is not possible, use to be able to:

1. When Robby was younger he ____ run quite fast.

2. Look! You ___ see the mountain from the window.

3. Kate ____ dance really well when she was a young girl.

4. How long have you ___ play the guitar?

5. Look! I ___ lift this chair with one hand!

6. I’m sorry, but I won’t ____ come to the party on Saturday.

7. We ____ put out the fire before much damage was done.

8. My daughter ____ walk when she was only 11 months old.

9. I ____ finish all the work you wanted me to do yesterday.

10. “____(you) speak French before you went to live in Paris?” “I ___ (not) speak it very well.

11. They were talking very loudly. I _____ hear everything they said.

2. Put the following into the Past and Future Tenses:

1. She can read a great deal during her holidays.

2. As for me I can cover only half the distance.

3. We cannot keep in mind everything.

4. I must be true to my word.

5. I must make up my mind at once.

6. He may stay with us for a month.

7. She may not decide this question alone.