Interior Ministry itok samting olsem 1,200 pipol ibin kisim bagarap bungim wantaim samting olsem 200 ol pikinini.

A blazing meteor explodes over central Russia, raining fireballs over a vast area and causing a shockwave that smashes windows and leaves hundreds of people injured.

A blazing meteor has exploded over a city in central Russia, with flying shards of glass and debris leaving hundreds of people injured. The winter dawn was briefly broken by bright light as a flaming meteor made its way across the sky over Chelyabinsk, about 1,500 kilometres east of Moscow.

Officials believe the meteor exploded about 10,000 metres above the city, sending numerous fireballs crashing into the ground. The fireballs were followed by a shockwave that knocked people off their feet. Car alarms rang out and windows were smashed across the city.

The Interior Ministry says about 1,200 people were injured, including at least 200 children.

Evidently the length of first text is half as much again as its translation, what proves the last point of the expanded Tok Pisin, that the sentences become longer and more complex. Such lengthening is a result of the character the Tok Pisins lexicon was developed. The vocabulary is the most obvious place for impoverishment to take place. As Mühlhäusler (1986:165) notes that besides the number of actual pidgin lexical items, the conventions are highly restricted as to the lexical information found within each item. Following examples made by Suzanne Romaine (1988:35) show the lexical structure of Tok Pisin and English:

Tok Pisin

gras

mausgras

gras bilong fes

gras bilong had

gras bilong pisin

gras antap long ai

gras nogut

han

han bilong diwai

han bilong pisin

English

grass

moustache

beard

hair

feather

eyebrow

weed

hand/arm

branch of a tree

wing of a bird

Plenty examples of such lexical structure are found in corpus text:

Tok Pisin

meteor or ston

pipia bilongen i flai 

bigpela moning bilong winta

pudaaun ikam daun

alarm bilong ol kar

English

meteor

flying shards

winter dawn

crashing

car alarms

Tok Pisin only has two prepositions. The first one from examples above shows possession: "bilong" meaning "belong". It also can be used to mean "of" or "for". The other preposition is "long": “antap long wanpela city”, “insait long sentrol”, “ol ofisal long hap”, “ikam daun long graun” . It defines basically everything else (at, in, on, to, with, until etc.). Such usage of “long” is second feature of expanded Tok Pisin."long" also means "tall, long", so they are often confused {18}.

Other character of nouns in Tok Pisin is their pluralizing by putting "ol" before the word: ol ofisal – officials, ol kar – cars {18}. The word "wanpela" is a marker for nouns’ singular, and means "one", and when needed, acts as the indefinite article "a/an": wanpela meteor – a meteor, wanpela city – a city. There is the same principle in Tok Pisin the adjectives are made: by adding the suffix "–pela" to the end of some words, for example bigpela, traipela – big, large.

The lexicon in the analysed text can be divided into the groups of vocabulary, which are not recognizable in English and which are transformed with or without changing of original meaning.

• Such as kisim – get,take, bagarap – break down, worn out, guria – earthquake, catastrophe, pikinini – children went a long way changing their form and meaning;

• Such as official parts of speech for example wantaim – once, beside, samting – about, approximately, long, bilong look very similar to their English origin, but besides becoming new meaning they fulfil other functions too. It can be explained in terms of frequent usage in speech;

• The following flai, moning, winta, planti eria, ofisal, bilip, kar, wok with simplified spelling are easy recognizable in English as fly, morning, winter, plenty area, official, believe, car, work;

• Proper nouns are borrowed completely as they are: Russia, Chelyabinsk, Moscow, Interior Ministry.

This overview makes it obvious that the present result of Anglicization comes to more than half of Tok Pisin lexicon, while its internal forms develop becoming more independent from the substrate language.

In the light of verbs, the past tense is marked with "bin", which comes from English "been”: ibin paia – has exploded, ibin bruk – were smashed. The word "i" that appears before the verb is called a predicate marker: i kisim bagarap (“get broken down”) – injured, and it occurs in a sentence when the subject is “em” (he, she, it), "ol” (they, them), or a noun {18}. The verbs in Tok Pisin have the category of transitivity, so the most of the transitive verbs are attached by the suffix –im such as kisim – get, take, while intransitive verbs are not (Hirano 2001). This phenomenon is one more marker of expanded Tok Pisin – internal development of words.

At least but not last point of our analysis is the word order which is attached to the general tendency of simplification. There are the sentences compared:

“Wanpela meteor or stone ibin paia antap long wanpela city insait long sentrol Russia, na planti handred pipol ibin kisim bagarap taim ol glas na pipia bilongen i flai nambaut.”

“A blazing meteor has exploded over a city in central Russia, with flying shards of glass and debris leaving hundreds of people injured”

The attributive participle “leaving hundreds of people injured” is located before the determinative word. It would be translated as “hundreds of people have been injured with flying shards of glass and debris”. Such constructions as “ol glas na pipia bilongen i flai”- “the glass and shards belonged to flying” or (“flying shards of glass”) which are created with the same words and simple prepositions make the language more simple and primitive.

Regarding the present study of Tok Pisin Hirano (2001) notes, that it has focused on the chronological comparison between the present lexical items in written materials and basic items found in the dictionaries and the results of this study coincide with the essential characteristics of Tok Pisin words found today. The scientific has investigated the present characteristics of Anglicization in Tok Pisin words from data, which were collected from Wantok, the Tok Pisin newspaper. The results of his research show “that words borrowed from English have increased and these words interfere with the grammar of Tok Pisin, which has decreased the expressive capacity of the language” (Hirano, 2001).