Vocabulary exercises

Exercise 2. Find Russian equivalents to the following.

1. consumption, 2. crude, 3. current, 4. derive from, 5. insect, 6. investigation, 7. kingdom, 8. namely, 9. regard, 10. in regard with (to…)

Exercise 3. Find English equivalents to the following.

1. современный, 2. потребление, сфера потребления, 3. необра-ботанный, неочищенный, 4. текущий, современный, распро-страненный, 5. грибок, плесень, поганка, 6. насекомое, 7. иссле-дование, расследование, 8. королевство, область, сфера, 9. недавно, на днях, 10. отношение

Exercise 4. Match the following words and expressions from column A with those in column B.

A B

1. consumption a. текущий

2. current b. чрезвычайно

3. enormously c. преобладающий

4. investigation d. потребление

5. prevalent e. исследование

1.	2.	3.	4.	5.

Exercise 5. Translate the following expressions.

1. crude – crude drug – crude oil – crude iron - crudity

2. to derive – to derive an income – to derive pleasure – the word “evolution” is derived from Latin – he derives his character from his father

3. to keep one’s figure – a person of figure – in round figures – at a high figure – public figure

4. kingdom – animal kingdom – plant kingdom

5. to prevent – prevention – prevention of accidents – prevention is better than cure – preventive

Exercise 6. Translate the following sentences pharmacology and clinical pharmacology.

A.

1. Crude drugs are the dried, unprepared material of plant, animal or mineral origin, used for medicine.

2. The subject had developed mainly on the botanical side, being particularly concerned with the description and identification of drugs.

3. Pharmacognosy is the science of medicines from natural sources.

4. Ethnopharmacology studies the pharmacological qualities of traditional medicinal substances.

5. The fields of the pharmacognosy are medical ethnobotany, ethnopharmacology, phytotherapy, phytochemistry, zoopharmacognosy, marine pharmacognosy.

6. Large numbers of plants are constantly being screened for their possible pharmacological value.

B.

1. In some countries in Asia and Africa 80% of the population relies on traditional medicine (including herbal medicine) for primary health care.

2. Knowledge of traditional medicinal practices is fast disappearing, particularly in the Amazon, as native healers die out and are replaced by more modern medical practitioners.

3. Constituents of substances used by traditional healers, have rarely been incorporated into modern medicine.

4. Botanists and pharmacologists are racing to learn these ancient practices.

5. Farnsworth, for example, has found that 25% of all prescriptions dispensed from community pharmacies in the United States from 1969 to 1990 contained active ingredients extracted from higher plants.

Exercise 7. Finish up the sentences using the correct words and word combinations from the right-hand column.

1. The study of these materials under the name pharmakognosie was first developed ….. 2. As late as the beginning of the 20th century, the subject had developed …… 3. Pharmacognosy is the science …… 4. Ethnopharmacology studies ……. 5. The fields of the pharmacognosy are ……. 6. Large numbers of plants are constantly being screened …….

a. …..medical ethnobotany, ethnopharmacology, phytotherapy, phytochemistry, zoopharma-cognosy, marine pharmacognosy. b. …..in German-speaking areas of Europe, while other language areas often used the older term materia medica taken from the works of Galen and Dioscorides. c. …..for their possible pharmacological value. d. ……mainly on the botanical side, being particularly concerned with the description and identification of drugs both in their whole state and in powder form. e. ……the pharmacological qualities of traditional medicinal substances. f. ……of medicines from natural sources.

Exercise 8. Insert the appropriate form of the verbs in brackets. Fill in the blanks “of” if necessary.

1. In German the term drogenkunde ("science of crude drugs") ….. synonymously. (to be used)

2. Such branches …… pharmacognosy are still of fundamental importance, particularly for pharmacopoeial identification and quality control purposes, but rapid development in other areas ……. the subject. (to expand)

3. Other definitions …… more encompassing, drawing on a broad spectrum ….. biological subjects, including botany, ethnobotany, medical anthropology, marine biology, microbiology, herbal medicine, chemistry, biotechnology, phytochemistry, pharmacology, pharmaceutics, clinical pharmacy and pharmacy practice. (to be)

4. Phytotherapy …… the medicinal use …… plant extracts. (to study)

5. At the 9th congress ….. Italian society of pharmacognosy it ….. that current return of phytotherapy was clearly reflected by the increased market of such products. (to be stated)

6. The part …… pharmacognosy focusing on use of crude extracts or semi-pure mixtures originating from nature, namely phytotherapy, …… probably the best known and also the most debated area in pharmacognosy. (to be)

7. Large numbers ….. plants ….. constantly ….. for their possible pharmacological value. (to be screened)

8. The word "pharmacognosy" ….. from the Greek words φάρμακον pharmakon (drug), and γνῶσις gnosis or "knowledge". (to be derived)

9. Pharmacognosy …… the science …… medicines from natural sources. (to be)

Exercise 9. True or False Statements.

1. As late as the beginning of the 20th century, the subject of the pharmacognosy had developed mainly on the botanical side, being particularly concerned with the description and identification of drugs both in their whole state and in powder form.

2. The most pharmacognostic studies focus on medicines derived from artificial sources.

3. The fields of the pharmacognosy are medical ethnobotany, psychopharmacology, phytotherapy, phytochemistry, zoopharmacognosy, marine pharmacognosy.

4. Phytochemistry studies chemicals derived from plants (including the identification of new drug candidates derived from plant sources).

5. In 2008 the latest figures available for Africa, the total OTC market for herbal medicinal products reached a figure of $11 billion, with consumption for Germany of $4.5 billion, France $3.6 billion and Italy $900 million.

Exercise 10. Read about constituents and drug synergysm.

One characteristic of crude drug material is that constituents may have an opposite, moderating or enhancing effect. Hence, the final effect of any crude drug material will be a product of the interactions between the constituents and the effect of each constituent on its own. To effectively study the existence and affect of such interactions, scientific studies must examine the effect that multiple constituents, given concurrently, have on the system. Herbalists assert that as phytopharmaceuticals rely upon synergy for their activities, plants with high levels of active constituents like ginsenosides or hypericin may not correlate with the strength of the herbs. In phytopharmaceutical or herbal medicine, the therapeutic effects of herbs cannot be determined unless its active ingredient or cofactors are identified or the herb is administered as a whole. One way to indicate strength is standardization to one or several marker compounds that are believed to be mainly responsible for the biological effects. However many herbalists believe that the active ingredient in a plant is the plant itself.