Grammar present perfect Present Perfect используется:
Для выражения недавно завершившихся действий:
Monica has just finished her letter.
Для выражения действий, связанных с настоящим. Точное время, когда они произошли, не указано:
Gillian has lost her keys.
Когда мы говорим о чьем-либо опыте или переменах:
She has put on a lot of weight since we last saw her.
Sarah has seen Jennifer Lopez.
Когда мы делаем ударение на количестве:
I have read 150 pages so far.
Для выражения действия, произошедшего в период времени, который еще не завершился:
I haven’t seen Sarah today.
Наречия времени, с которыми используется Present Perfect:
Never ever just already yet recently lately so far since for this week this month
Наречие
yet
используется
в вопросительных и отрицательных
предложениях.
Наречие already используется в утвердительных и вопросительных предложениях.
Have you finished yet? No, I haven’t finished yet.
I have already finished.
Наречия never, ever, just, already ставятся между вспомогательным и основным глаголами, остальные наречия обычно ставятся после основного глагола в конце предложения:
I have seen Jessica recently.
Наречие already может ставиться в конце предложения:
They’ve made a lot of progress already.
BUT: Present Perfect не используется с наречием already, если указывается точное время, когда произошло действие:
She already bought this book last month.
Наречие yet обычно ставится в конец предложения, хотя в отрицательном предложении оно может употребляться после have not:
They haven’t yet discovered a cure for the common cold.
Спряжение глаголов в Present Perfect:
Утвердительная форма S + have / has + V3
I have played He has played We have played
Отрицательная форма S + have / has not + V3
I have not played He has not played We have not played
Вопросительная форма Have / has + S +V3
Have I played? Has he played? Have we played?
Написание глаголов с окончанием -ed
H ate – hated ( -e -ed) study – studied (согл, + у -ied)
P lay – played (гласн. + y - yed)
Prefer – preferred stop - stopped
Exercise 14. Match the tenses with the sentences in the box below.
Example: 1e)
1. Future going to
2. Present Simple
3. Past Simple
4. Future will
5. Present Perfect
6. Present Continuous
a) I’ve been to London twice.
b) Liverpool will win the cup.
c) She’s watching TV.
d) Once upon a time there was a young princess.
e) I’m going to study French next year.
f) I get up at eight o’clock.
Exercise 15. Put in the right tense: Simple Present, Simple Past or Present Perfect.
1. ‘I ……..John yesterday.’ (saw / have seen)
2. ‘Did you? I ………him for weeks.’ (didn’t see / haven’t seen)
3. I …….Mary since 1980. (know / have known)
4. I think I ……..her very well. (know / have known)
5. ……..his latest book? (Have you read / Did you read)
6. How long ……..that watch? (have you had / dad you have / do you have)
Exercise 16. Write question form.
1. We have written the test-paper today.
2. I have prepared everything for the experiment.
3. The progress of chemistry during the present century has taken place in all directions.
4. The temperature above 60 – 80 C has produced a marked change in the structure of egg albumin.
5. The percentage of nitrogen in the protein has varied from 15 to 19.
Exercise 17. Make questions.
1. where / your wife / work?
2. your children / live / with you?
3. Mary and Peter / going to / get married?
4. What / your father / do / when he stops work next year?
Exercise 18. Form the Passive Voice.
Example: Lately our scientists have evolved a new method of extracting sugars from carbohydrates. – A new method of extracting sugars from carbohydrates has been evolved by our scientists lately.
1. N.D. Zelinsky has elaborated new methods for synthesizing a large number of new compounds.
2. Our industry has produced various types of complex carbohydrates.
3. After neutralizing carbohydrates with an excess of caustic soda we produced reducing sugars.
4. They have found rare desoxy sugars in nature.
5. You have applied the test either to a solution or to the suspension of a carbohydrate in water.