Modal verbs

К модальным глаголам относятся глаголы:

Can (could) may (might) must ought need / need to will would shall should have to

Кроме глаголов can, may, need to, have to которые имеют форму прошедшего времени (could, might, needed to, had to), модальные глаголы не меняют свою форму. В 3-ем лице ед.ч. настоящего времени окончания –s модальные глаголы не имеют (за исключением have to и need to).

He must finish this project on time.

Инфинитив, следующий за этими глаголами, употребляется без частицы to, за исключением глаголов ought to, have to, need to.

You ought to be there on time.

Вопросительная и отрицательная формы образуются без вспомогательного глагола, в вопросительной форме модальный глагол ставится перед подлежащим, отрицательная форма образуется при помощи частицы not (глагол can пишется слитно с not – cannot ) .

Исключение составляют глаголы need to и have to, которые образуют отрицательные и вопросительные формы с помощью вспомогательного глагола do.

Can you hold it for a second?

Need she go there with you?

We need not do it.

Passive structure

PASSIVE TENSE	STRUCTURE	EXAMPLE
Simple present Present progressive Simple past Past progressive Present perfect Past perfect Will future Future perfect Going to future	am/are/is + past participle am/are/is being + pp was/were + pp was/were being + pp have/has been + pp had been + pp Will be + pp Will have been + pp Am/are/is going to be + pp	English is spoken here. Excuse the mess: the house is being painted. I wasn’t invited, but I went. I felt I was being watched. Has Mary been told? I knew I had been forgotten. You’ll be told soon. Everything will have been done by Tuesday. Who’s going to be invited?

Exercise 14. Translate into Russian.

1. Many experiments are carried out by the pharmaceutical students during their studies.

2. Positive effect was associated with the low temperature.

3. Pharmacy is defined as the science of recognizing, identifying, collecting, selecting, preparing, dispensing and compounding substances.

4. Drug effects will be described after a number of experiments.

5. It is known that morphine was isolated from opium in 1806.

Exercise 15. Name the tense and translate.

1. The work at the botanical stations helps students acquire deep knowledge of botany and pharmacognosy.

2. Chemical and physical properties of inorganic substances were studied during practical classes in chemistry.

3. Each period of development of medicine contributed to the store of medical knowledge.

4. Thousands of future specialists are trained at the higher educational establishments.

5. The industrial revolution of the last century gave birth to synthetic organic chemistry.

Exercise 16. Write passive sentences.

1. Chinese (speak) in Singapore.

2. The Taj Mahal (build) around 1640.

3. She (interview) now.

4. I realized I (follow).

5. He found that all his money (steal).

6. These computers (make) in Korea.

7. Sorry about the noise – the road (mend).

8. The village church (burn down) last year.

Exercise 17. Form passive structure.

Example: The students listened to the lecture with great attention. -

The lecture was listened to (by the students) with great

attention.

1. They carry out different experiments in the chemical laboratory.

2. After each lesson we ventilated our classes.

3. The students place laboratory vessels on the table.

4. After the experiment was over we recorded all the findings.

5. Fahrenheit introduced a new scale into the experimental work in the seventeenth century.