Vocabulary

Read and translate these sentences into Russian so as to have a better idea of how these words can be used.

succeed v, successive adj, successor n

1. 'To succeed in doing' something means to achieve something you have been aiming for, to have the desired result after a lot of effort you've put in.

e.g. She's been working at (on) her thesis for several years and has finally succeeded in finishing it.

2. 'To succeed in doing' something implies more hard work and time than 'to manage to do' something, though both words are close synonyms.

3. Another meaning of 'succeed' is 'to take over / to follow', e.g. He succeeded his father as Director General.

4. Elizabeth the First succeeded her father on the throne.

5. To succeed as / in' means to achieve success in a career.

e.g. He succeeded as a writer / an actor / a playwright / in business / in his career, etc.

6. To succeed' also means to be successful, not to be a failure, e.g. The attempt succeeded, and everybody was happy.

7. 'Successive' means following each other closely, e.g. It happened on two successive days.

8. Mr Bennett's successor as chairman takes over next week.

survive v, survival n, survivor n

1. Very few people survived the earthquake. (= There were very few survivors after the earthquake.)

1. He survived most of his contemporaries.

2. "Don't worry, he'll survive," said the doctor.

3. Surprisingly enough, this custom still survives.

4. The custom is a survival of the past.

in spite of, despite prep

1. Despite the cold wind, we enjoyed skiing (= In spite of the cold wind...)

1. In spite of the rain we went out. (= Despite the rain...)

2. He managed to eat a big lunch despite having eaten an enormous breakfast. ( = ...in spite of having eaten...)

recruit v, n, recruitment n

1. We are having difficulty recruiting enough properly qualified staff.

2. I recruited two of my friends to help me move the furniture.

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3. Most men in the village were recruited that day.

4. My daughter-in-law works for a recruitment agency as a headhunter.

5. They were raw recruits (= ...completely untrained).

profit n, profitable adj

1. A profit is money, which is earned in trade or business.

2. You don't expect to make much profit within the first couple of years after setting the company.

3. His small business turned out to be quite profitable.

explore v, explorer n, exploration n

1. The problem is still being explored.

2. We are exploring all the possibilities of making the project profitable.

3. Magellan was a famous sixteenth-century explorer.

4. In recent years several countries have succeeded in exploring space.

5. We need to carry out a full exploration (examination) of all the alternatives.

6. Livingstone was the first European to make an exploration of the Zambezy river.

starve v, starvation n, hunger n, famine n

1. From looking at and talking to former prisoners of war, it was obvious that they had been starved.

2. Unlike 'starvation', which is an unnatural state of not having enough food to eat and become very weak or die because of it, 'hunger' is a natural state of wanting to eat some food.

e.g. I'm dying of hunger. Let's go and have a meal.

3. Humorously, people often say: "I'm starving!"

4. 'Famine' is a longer period of starvation, e.g. famine years.

disease n

1. A disease is a serious illness of people, animals, plants, etc, caused by infection or a failure of health.

2. Starvation and disease killed lots of first Europeans in the New World.

slave n, slavery n, serf n, serfdom n

1. There used to be slaves in America. In Russia there used to be serfs.

2. Progressive people in both America and Russia used to fight against laws allowing certain privileged groups of people to own other human beings.

3. Serfdom was abolished (liquidated) in Russia in 1861 by Czar Alexander the Second.

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tough adj

1. These plants are not tough enough to survive outside in winter.

2. You have to be tough to succeed in politics.

3. Tough measures need to be taken to protect the environment.

4. There is tough competition in the oil market.

5. Isn't he a tough guy!

persecute v, persecutor n, persecution n

1. To persecute' means to treat somebody unfairly or cruelly over a long period of time because of their race, religion, political beliefs, etc.

2. Christians were persecuted by the Romans.

3. He decided to emigrate because of political persecution.

4. His persecutors wouldn't leave him alone, and this caused his serious mental illness.

D on't mix up!

to persecute ['p3:sikju:t] v преследовать

to prosecute ['prgsikjut] v преследовать по суду

To 'prosecute' means to take the matter to the court of law.

a persecutor - преследователь

a prosecutor (law) - обвинитель, прокурор

persecution - преследование, гонение

prosecution - судебное разбирательство

p ursue v, pursuit л, pursuer л

1. To pursue' means to follow in order to catch, kill or defeat.

2. The police car raced through the street in pursuit of another car.

3. The wolf ran much quicker than its pursuers.

predecessor л

ant. successor

1. Unlike his predecessor, the present prime minister supports closer political ties with Europe.

2. The latest Toyota is not only faster than its predecessors but also is more comfortable.

enable v

1. Please, let us know what kind of innovations you would like us to imple­ ment, so as to enable us to fulfill your order as soon as possible.

2. Computerisation should enable us to cut production costs by half.

wealth n, wealthy adj

1. Health is better than wealth.

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2. " Early to bed and early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise." (B. Franklin)

3. His wealth was immeasurable.

determine v, determination n

1. The Commander-in-Chief's strategy and tactics determined the outcome of the battle.

2. It is the responsibility of the court to determine whether the man is innocent or guilty.

1. I'm determined to get this piece of work finished today.

3. She was admired for her dogged (= very strong) determination to succed in business.

R emember!

Some English words are formed by a change of stress:

protest ['prautest] n to protest [prau'test] v

insult ['insAlt] л to insult [m'sAlt] v

increase ['mkri:s] n to increase [m'kri:s] v

record ['reko:d] n to record [n'ko:d] v

export ['ekspo:t] n to export [iks'po:t] v

import ['impo:t] n to import [im'po:t] v

desert ['dezst] n to desert [di'z3:t] v

GRAMMAR

4. Do you agree with the following statements? Say 'Yes' or 'No' and prove your answer with the statement from the text.

E <ample A Dutch ship didn't arrive at Jamestown port, did it?

Yes, it did. It arrived at Jamestown port in August 1619.

1. It didn't bring black Africans, did it?

2. These people didn't become slaves, did they?

3. The Virginia Company never made a profit, did it?

4. The Virginia Company turned out to be a failure, didn't it?

5. The liquidation of the Virginia Company didn't make the colonists' life in America much easier, did it?

6. There were very few of the colonists who survived, weren't there?

7. The early years of the 17^th century in England weren't a time of poverty and hardships, were they?

8. The main attraction for a poor man was a piece of land for a farm, wasn't it?

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9 . The existence of slavery was immediately admitted by the Americans, wasn't it?

I n spite of, despite (без предлога of!) - несмотря на Слово 'despite' свойственно более формальному стилю. После 'in spite of и 'despite' следует употреблять:

— существительное

We enjoyed our holiday in spite of (despite) the bad weather.

— герундий

We enjoyed our holiday in spite of (despite) staying in a cheap hotel.

— предложение, начинающееся с 'the fact that' + подлежащее + ска­ зуемое (более формальный стиль)

We enjoyed our holiday in spite of (despite) the fact that the accommoda­tion was not good enough. Though, although, even though - хотя Слово 'although' свойственно более формальному стилю. После 'though', 'although' и 'even though' следует употреблять при­даточное предложение с подлежащим и сказуемым. We enjoyed our holiday though / although / even though the weather was bad.

5. Complete the sentences in a logical way.

1. I'm going to do this exercise even though...

2. Despite studying all day long...

3. Although the lecturer spoke very quickly...

4. In spite of starvation and diseases...

5. Though I had already read this story...

6. In spite of the heavy traffic...

7. Even though we've known each other for a long time...

8. In spite of the fact he had all the necessary qualifications...

9. Although we have been living in the same street... 10. In spite of being very busy...

6. Complete the sentences choosing the words from the box. There are some examples where two variants are possible. What are they?

w ho, which, that, whose

1. A Viking sailor from Iceland, ... name was Leif Eriksson, is believed to be one of the first sailors ... reached America.

2. The colony, ... was founded by John White, went down in history as 'the lost colony'.

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3. The names of North and South America were given to these lands in honour of an Italian sailor... name was Amerigo Vespucci.

4. Amerigo Vespucci wrote a few letters in ... he described the voyages he had made along the coasts of South America and he proved that the lands were a new continent.

5. Columbus called the native people ... were living in America at that time 'Indians', because he thought that he had reached India.

6. Columbus never realized that he had discovered a continent ... lies between Europe and Asia.

7. The slaves, ... had been brought to America, were forced to work on farms ... produced cotton, tobacco and rice.

8. A young settler, ... name was John Rolfe, discovered a new way of making tobacco leaves milder.

9. In August 1619 a small Dutch warship ... brought 20 black Africans arrived at Jamestown port.

10. Pilgrims sailed from England on a ship ... was called Mayflower.

11. The Pilgrims, ... chances of surviving were not high, had to learn how to farm and fish.

Fill in the spaces with the words from the box.

b ear, imply, comprise, avoid, rely, entertain, appreciate, obey, comment, demand, belong, permit

1 .1 wonder why you ... speaking to them about your problems.

2. I ... on your word.

3. The security system will not ... you to enter without the correct password.

4. He used to ... us for hours with his stories.

5. I ... to see the manager.

6. Who does this file ... to?

7. "You are supposed to ... my orders," the commander said to the soldiers.

8. What do you ... by that?

9. Young specialists ... about 50 per cent of the whole staff.

10. Few people can ... rudeness.

11. The boss refused to ... on the matter.

12. You can't... English poetry unless you understand its rhythm.

Phrasal verbs with 'give'

give in - surrender (сдаться) give ... back- return (возвратить)

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give ... out - distribute (раздать)

give ... up - stop doing (бросить, отказаться навсегда)

8. Translate the following into English using the phrasal verbs with 'give'.

1. Он часто цитировал Марка Твена, который сказал: «Бросить курить нетрудно - я делал это много раз!»

2. Учитель попросил его раздать студентам копии контрольных работ.

1. Его отец научил его не сдаваться даже в трудных ситуациях.

9. Read the story, try to guess the meanings of the words you don't know and fill in the gaps with the correct form of phrasal verbs.

g o down as, turn out, go back, give in , go on

Pocahontas*

The Jamestown colonists obeyed the Vir­ginia Company's order to search for gold. By doing so they hoped to become rich them­selves. But digging gold, washing it and loading it was not an easy job to do. The first settlers, however, were full of determination not to ... . They ... working in spite of starvation and cruel diseases. The most courageous and deter­mined of the explorers was Captain John Smith. If he hadn't organized the colonists and made them work, the settlement would have died out to the last man.

When all the food supplies had run out, Captain Smith went into the forest to

get some food from the Indians. But that particular tribe ... to be unfriendly. They took John prisoner and were going to kill him when quite unexpectedly a twelve-year old girl ran out of the crowd watching the execution and shielded him with her own body. Her name was Pocahontas. The sight of a man who was going to be murdered without being able to defend himself (his rifle had been taken away from him, of course) was unbearable to her. The other people didn't dare do the prisoner any harm because Pocahontas was the daughter of the tribe's chief.

* Pocahontas // O'Callaghan B. An Illustrated History of the USA. Longman, 1994.

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Pocahontas ... in history... a godsend to the English settlers. She supplied them with food and in this way saved them from famine and diseases.

Five years later, when Pocahontas was already 17 years old she married John Rolfe, a tobacco planter. Rolfe is known to have been one of the few suc­cessful British settlers in the New World. He was the first to discover a method of drying tobacco leaves, which made them milder. In 1613 he shipped the first load of Virginia tobacco to England where he was paid high prices, because the excellent quality of his tobacco was highly appreciated by British merchants.

In 1616 Rolfe took his Indian wife to England where she was presented at court to King James the First, and a portrait of her was made by an English painter. She would have returned to America with her husband and a newborn baby named Thomas, if she hadn't caught smallpox and died in 1617. When Thomas Rolfe grew up, he ... to Virginia. Quite a few Virginians today claim to be descended from Thomas Rolfe and so from Pocahontas. There is a well-known Disney cartoon film made in remembrance of that remarkable woman.

10. Retell the story about Pocahontas. 1. Complete the following sentences.

1. If the first settlers hadn't been full of determination to survive, they...

2. John Smith wouldn't have gone to the forest, if all the food supplies...

3. If Pocahontas hadn't shielded John Smith with her body, he...

4. Pocahontas's orders wouldn't have been obeyed, if she...

5. If Pocahontas hadn't supplied the settlers with food, they...

6. If Rolfe hadn't discovered a new method of drying tobacco leaves...

7. If Pocahontas hadn't come to England, she...

8. She would have returned to America with her husband and son, if she...

1 2. Questions for discussion.

1. Have you seen any historical films recently?

2. Can you remember a film that impressed you most? Tell us what the film was about, what historical events it was based on. You can use the following expressions:

• The film is called...

• The story takes place in...

• The film is about...

• It's a screen version of a famous novel called...

• I enjoyed the costumes, the battle scenes, the visual effects, etc.)...

^^ 13. Write a composition about the historical film you like best. Describe what happens in the film and give your opinion of it.

Parti

Music is the universal language of mankind. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (1807-1882), American poet

Discuss this before you read the text.

1. Can you say that music plays an important role in your life?

2. What kind of music do you like more: classical music, jazz, pop music, rock?

3. Can you play any musical instruments? Were you taught to play them or did you learn to play by yourself?

4. Do you prefer listening to pop songs in Russian or in English? Why?

5. What do you think is more important for a pop song to be a hit: a catchy tune or good lyrics?

6. Are you interested in modern musical trends?

7. Would you call yourself a fan of any particular pop group or singer?

PART1

Read the text and make sure that you understand it. The list of new words on p. 87-88 will help you.

THE BEATLES - ROCK SUPERSTARS*

THE BEGINNING OF THE NATIONAL FAME AND THE FIRST'BIG JOB'

The Beatles became nationally famous in England in October 1962, when their first single record, Love Me Do, entered the Hit Parade at number 27. The famous four, who recorded that song, were, of course, John Lennon, Paul Mc­Cartney, George Harrison and drummer Ringo Starr. This, however, was not the original line-up of the band.

Three years before, when John Lennon was nineteen and George Harri­son approaching his seventeenth birthday, the group was offered its first 'big

* Wilson K. The Beatles - rock superstars // Mozaika. 1985.

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job' — playing at the famous Star Club in Hamburg, Germany. In those days there were five Beatles: Pete Best on drums, Lennon, McCartney, Harrison and the mysterious fifth Beatle - Stuart Sutcliffe.

When the group arrived in Hamburg, they discovered two things. First of all, they were not in fact playing at the Star Club. They had to play in an ugly bar in Grosse Freiheit (the English translation would be Great Freedom), a street that didn't enjoy a good reputation in Hamburg, to say the least.

Secondly, the accommodation they had been promised turned out to be rather strange: five beds behind the screen of an all-day cinema! They played in the bar until 2 a.m. every night, and then had to wake up at nine o'clock in the morning to the sound of gunshots from the cinema's first Western of the day. They must have found it unbearable, but they had to put up with it. Inciden­tally, there was another group, playing at the Star Club at the same time. Their drummer was called Richard Starkey. Recognize the name?

LIVERPOOL'S CAVERN CLUB

The Beatles returned to England penniless and exhausted. Stuart Sutc­liffe had left the group and stayed in Germany, where he died a few months later. The Beatles began a series of lunchtime concerts at Liverpool's Cavern Club. They were now playing better than ever.

At this time, they were playing American rock and roll of the 1950s, com­bined with some of their own songs. They wore leather jackets, tight jeans and put grease in their hair to look like Elvis Presley.

The lunchtime concerts were a great success. The road outside the club was always crowded with girls who worked in nearby shops and offices. They came to see The Beatles during their lunch break. Local shopkeepers often complained about the crowds and the noise. The man who ran the local record shop went to see what all the fuss was about. His name was Brian Epstein. He must have had a good ear for talent and when he saw the band he realized im­mediately that he had found something very special. He became their manager and immediately began to bombard the major British music companies with let­ters and tape recordings of the band, finally winning a contract with Parlophone, a subsidiary of the giant EMI corporation which dealt in electrical goods and music records. The man in charge of their career at Parlophone was George Martin, a classically trained musician, who from the start became the brains behind the recording successes of The Beatles. First he suggested the band hire a more refined drummer (they chose Starr) and then he rearranged their second recorded song (and the first big British hit), Please Please Me, changing it from a sad slow song into a quick-tempo dance.

Martin had some unusual and immensely successful ideas. He persuaded the group to include some instruments in the backing of their songs that they hadn't used before: the cello on Yesterday, the violins on Eleanor Rigby, the

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oboe on You've got to hide your love away. Martin himself played the piano on a number of songs, and taught Lennon some other piano parts. But most of all, he worked on the best instruments the group possessed: the combined voices of Lennon and McCartney.

(to be continued)

Names

John Lennon [djDn Чепэп] Paul McCartney [po:l ms'k George Harrison [d30:d3 'haenssn] Ringo Starr ['ппдэи sta:] Stuart Sutcliffe [stjust 'sAklifj Grosse Freiheit [grosg 'fraihait] Richard Starkey ['ntfad 'sta:ki] Cavern Club ['kasvgn kLvb] Elvis Presley ['elvis 'presli] Brian Epstein ['braian 'epstam] Parlophone ['parbfaun] EMI [,i:em'ai]

George Martin [d3o:d3 'martin] Eleanor Rigby ['elms ngbi]

New Words

original [a'ndjinl] adj первоначальный, подлинный, оригинальный

origin ['Drid3in] n начало, источник, происхождение line-up ['lam лр] п состав участников approach [a'prautf] v подходить, приближаться

approach n подход mysterious [mi'stisriss] ad/загадочный

mystery n загадка, тайна

put up with (phrasal verb) терпеть, мириться, примириться (с чем-либо) incidentally [.msi'dentah] adv3fl. кстати, между прочим cavern ['kaevan] л пещера exhausted [ig'zo:stid] adj измученный, обессиленный

exhaust v изнурять, утомлять, исчерпать leather [1едэ] adj кожаный

tight [tait] adj тугой, в обтяжку (об одежде), тесный grease [gri:s] л жир, смазочное вещество, зд. бриолин fuss [fXs] л суета, ажиотаж, шум (перен.)

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subsidiary [sab'sidian] n дочерняя компания

be in charge of быть ответственным за, отвечать за

be the brains behind быть генератором проектов, идей

brain n мозг refined [n'famd] ad/рафинированный, изысканный, утонченный

refine v очищать, облагораживать, усовершенствовать cello ['tfetau] n виолончель oboe ['эиЬэи] п гобой possess [ps'zes] v владеть, обладать

EXERCISES

These are the answers. What were the questions?

1. The Beatles became nationally famous in England in October 1962.

2. In those days there were five Beatles.

3.They had to play in an ugly bar in Grosse Freiheit.

4. They wore leather jackets and tight jeans.

4. The road outside the club was always crowded with girls who worked in nearby shops and offices.

5. The man who ran the local record shop went to see what all the fuss was about.

4. The man in charge of their career at Parlophone was George Martin.

4. Martin persuaded the group to include some instruments in the backing of their songs.

2. Find English equivalents in the text for the following (you may think of better Russian translations).

1. ...собирался отметить свое семнадцатилетие...

2. ...на улице, которая, мягко говоря, не пользовалась хорошей репу­ тацией в Гамбурге.

3. Для них, должно быть, это было невыносимо, но им приходилось с этим мириться.

4. Владелец местного магазина грампластинок зашел, чтобы узнать, по какому поводу весь этот ажиотаж.

5. Он, должно быть, умел сразу распознавать таланты...

6. ...и сразу же стал засыпать ведущие британские музыкальные компании письмами и музыкальными записями группы...

7. ...корпорацией, которая занималась торговлей электрическими товарами и музыкальными пластинками.

8. ...стал генератором идей для достижения успеха записей «Битлз».

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9 . Он убедил группу включить в аккомпанемент их песен некоторые

инструменты, которые они до этого не использовали. 10. Но больше всего он работал над самым лучшим инструментом, которым владела группа: удачным сочетанием голосов Леннона и Маккартни.