Vocabulary

Read and translate these sentences into Russian so as to have a better idea of how these words can be used.

deplete v, depletion n

1. To 'deplete' means to reduce something that is available.

1. If we continue to deplete the Earth's natural resources, we will cause serious damage to the environment.

2. Thecountry'sfinancialreserveswillberapidlydepletedifthegovernment ignores recommendations given by outstanding economists.

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4. The last holiday has seriously depleted my bank account.

5. The depletion of food reserves caused starvation and diseases among the first settlers in America.

separate v, separate adj, separately adv

1. On two separate occasions I've had to ask my lawyer for advice.

2. He had his public life and his private life, and as far as possible he tried to keep them separate.

3. You can't separate (consider independently) morality from politics.

4. Her parents separated when she was six and officially divorced a couple of years later.

5. These two problems should be dealt with separately.

refer v, reference n

1.1 referred to a history book to find out all the necessary dates.

2. He spoke for an hour without once referring to his notes.

3. In her autobiography she often refers to her schoolteacher of literature.

4. (business) With (further) reference to our previous correspondence we wish to inform you that...

5. Academic books and articles usually have a list of references at the end to tell you where the author found the information.

6. I'm applying for a new job and I hope my ex-boss will give me a reference.

due adj, due to

1. The train is due at 8.10.

2. (expected) The next meeting is due to be held in three month's time.

3. {owed as a debt or a right - причитаться, быть положенным) That money is due to him for his share of the job.

4. (because of) The accident was due to the fog.

5. All these problems will be dealt with in due course.

concern n, v, concerning prep

1. "As to joining the local Greenpeace team, that's your concern (= ...your own business)."

"I think it's of some concern to us all." (...в какой-то степени каса­ется...)

2. As far as I'm concerned (= As for me), I'm going to do as much as I can for the Greenpeace movement.

3. All the parties concerned are invited to take part in the discussion.

4. Where the children are concerned (as to dealing with children) she has amazing patience.

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5 . I'm sure nearly everything concerning the problem you're interested in can be found on the Internet.

crucial adj, crucially adv

1. Something that is crucial (an event, a decision, a moment, an impact, etc) is extremely important because everything else depends on it.

2. This is going to be a crucial decision for the educational institutions because it concerns all the spheres of education.

3. The majority of those present enthusiastically supported his project, and this played a crucial role in his political career.

4. This case will be crucially (= extremely) important for other people who have suffered from the new drug (medicine).

destruction n, destructive adj, destroy v

1. There is a danger that weapons of mass destruction might be used in the conflict. So it's of crucial importance that the conflict should be stopped.

2. Preserving peace is of crucial importance for all the countries on the Earth because modern weapons have an extremely high destructive force (power).

3. Many parents are very concerned about the destructive effects that some modern films may have on their children.

4. Most of that part of the city was destroyed during the war.

eliminate v, elimination л

1. "Eliminating corruption in all spheres of social life is of crucial importance for us all," said the speaker.

2. The detectives eliminated the possibility that it could have been an accident because the crime was so well timed.

3. The team was eliminated (= defeated and so unable to continue) after the second round of the competition.

adopt v

1. The new tax would force companies to adopt energy-efficient measures.

2. Besides their own three children they have two adopted ones - a boy and a girl.

efficient adj, efficiently adv, efficiency n

1. The city's transport system is said to be one of the most efficient in Europe.

2. We need someone really efficient who can organize the office and make it work efficiently.

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3. She runs her small business very efficiently.

3. The efficiency («коэффициент полезного действия») of a machine or an engine is the difference between the amount of energy it requires to work and the amount that comes out in the form of movement.

expenditure n

1. It will not be possible to repair the old houses in the city without considerable expenditure on repairs.

2. A budget consists of revenues and expenditures.

consequence(s) n

1. The government's refusal to increase expenditure on health care has had undesirable consequences.

2. If you go on drinking and smoking I'd advise you to look at the consequences.

3. The consequences of the tsunami were disastrous.

seize v

1. I saw him seize the woman by the arm.

2. He seized the chance (the opportunity) with both hands.

3. Journalists seized the opportunity provided by the liberalization to investigate previously taboo subjects, (to deal with subjects that used to be taboo)

responsible adj, responsibly adv, responsibility n

1. I hope you realize that if you seize the initiative to start the campaign, you will be responsible for all the consequences.

2. Her former boss wrote her a reference saying that she was an efficient and responsible worker.

3. Many big companies that have been destroying the environment are now becoming more responsible for the way they operate.

4. A sense of responsibility is absolutely necessary for anyone, especially fora politician.

5. We decided to act on our own responsibility.

6.1 am sure Miss Hobson will take her responsibilities as the head teacher

very seriously. 7. The company has a responsibility to its shareholders, doesn't it?

ensure v

1. It's our responsibility to ensure that the project finishes on time.

2. It's the responsibility of the police to ensure law and order.

3. The 2-0 (two - nil) victory today has ensured our team a place in the Cup Final.

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3. Complete the text, choosing the words from the box.

l ayer, inhabitants, decisive, severely, effort, unpredictable, although, crucial, inevitably, assert, opinion, consequences, agreed, survived, due,end

L ittle Ice Age*

We have every reason to expect the most dramatic ... of global warming, both predictable and .... Doing all in our power, putting in every ... to decrease the speed of global warming is, no doubt, the most... problem, mankind is faced with today.

It should not be forgotten, however, that the Earth has already ... climate changes that were not less dramatic for its ... . The nature of the other well-known climate change was diametrically opposed to global warming. It was global cooling. The most recent period of this kind is called the Little Ice Age. ... there is no scientifically ... opinion concerning the beginning of the Little Ice Age, there is a consensus that it only ended in the mid-19^th century.

The Little Ice Age brought bitterly cold winters to many parts of the world. Rivers and lakes were frozen, fields were covered with a thick ... of snow, which ... affected the crops. The most... affected social group of people was the peas­ants. Some historians ... that famine, diseases and massive deaths resulted in important political events, such as the French Revolution of 1789.

Beginning with 1850, the world's climate began warming again and the Little Ice Age may be said to have come to an ... at that time. Some global warm­ing critics believe that the Earth's climate is still recovering from the Little Ice Age and that human activity is not the ... factor in present temperature trends.

However, the prevailing scientific ... on climate change is that warming over the last 60 years is caused primarily by the increased proportion of CO₂ in the atmosphere ... to human activity. History shows that we have a good chance to survive global warming. A lot depends on ourselves.

4. Read the text and discuss it in class. Do You Know?

Antonio Stradivari, the famous violinmaker, produced his instruments during the Little Ice Age. It has been proposed** that the colder climate caused the wood used in his violins to be denser than in warmer periods, contributing to the superb tone of Stradivari's instruments.

* http://www.wikipedia.org/

** Proposed зд. предполагать.

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Some painters were inspired by unusually severe winters and created won­derful winter paintings. Most of them appeared during the hundred-year period from 1565 to 1665.

Here is the famous winter painting by Pieter Brueghel the Elder (about 1525-1569) Hunters in the Snow (1565).

5. Describe the picture.
	IB

6. Translate the following conversations into English.

A. На улице очень холодно, да?

B. Да. Но по прогнозу к концу недели потеплеет.

А. Правда? Если потеплеет и не будет дождя, мы поедем за город.

A. Какая была погода в Лондоне?

B. Мне повезло. Было очень тепло и сухо. А здесь?

А. Здесь была отвратительная погода. Временами даже шел снег.

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В. А какой прогноз на следующую неделю? А. Холодная погода продержится всю неделю.

A. Посмотри, какие черные тучи! Собирается сильный дождь.

B. Да. А я оставила дома зонтик. Как я доберусь до дома в сильный дождь без зонта?

А. Не волнуйся, я тебя подвезу.

7. Complete the following sentences. Put the verb in brackets in the correct tense form.

1. She'll be delighted when she (hear) this.

2. He (be) here before you go.

3. He (ring) up when he arrives in England?

4. Stay here till the lights (turn) green.

5. As soon as she (learn) to type on the computer, I'll give her the job.

6. When the Queen (arrive) the audience will stand up.

7. When you look at yourself in the mirror you (see) what I mean!

8. As soon the holidays begin, this beach (become) very crowded.

9. Don't forget to turn on the lights before you (leave) the house.

10. When it (get) warm enough, I'll turn off the heating.

11. The computer (not start) until you press this button.

12. Don't count on a salary increase before you actually (get) it.

Щ Real and Unreal Conditions

Examples: The forecast says it'll get warmer. If the forecast is correct, we'll go to the country.

The forecast says it'll be cooler tomorrow. That's a pity. I wish it got warmer. If it got warmer tomorrow, we would go to the country.

8. Complete the following sentences and translate them into Russian. What is the difference between the phrases in each pair? Think of situations when each phrase can be said.

1. If you find a wallet in the street, what...?

If you found a wallet in the street, what...?

2. If you take more exercise, you...

If you took more exercise, you...

3. If our team wins, we...

If our team won, we...

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4. If you give up smoking, you...

If you gave up smoking, you...

5. If they offer me the job, I...

If they offered me the job, I...

6. If they don't fulfill their obligations, we...

If they didn't fulfill their obligations, we...

7. If he is here right now, he...

If he were here right now, he...