16. Прочитайте текст 4c и раскройте содержание рассматрива­емых в нем проблем:

Text 4С

Core of Land Use Planning

The core element in land use planning is the dialogue amongst all participants to reach decisions based on consensus. A major task of land use planning is to accompany and motivate the participants and those affected in order to attain a conciliation of interests concerning land resources, types and extent of land use.

The land use planning process covers all steps extending from the collection of data and information through its processing, analysis, dis­cussion and evaluation right up to the negotiation for a consensus con­cerning the form of land use to be practiced. This includes the prereq­uisites for preparing, initiating and implementing the plan.

Land use planning is first and foremost a process of clarification and understanding between people who together wish to change something and prepare future actions systematically. In the process, the elements of a plan are worked out cooperatively. The core part of a planning process is therefore a commonly desired objective to be achieved by implementing the plan. Time planning is linked to the physical/geo- graphic/ecological planning of areas, and the two are mutually depend­ent.

Land use is considered to be sustainable when it is both socially and environmentally compatible desired by the society, technically viable and when it makes economic sense. This means social justice, long­term sustainability of natural resources, acceptance and social compat­ibility, economic efficiency, viability.

Land use planning creates the prerequisites required to achieve a type of land use, which is sustainable, environmentally compatible, socially desirable and economically sound.

17. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст 4d:

Text 4D

Matching Land Use Requirements with Land Qualities

A kind of land use should be described in terms of its products and management practices. The description must be sufficiently detailed to assess its land use requirements and to plan the necessary inputs. It must include the description of conditions which are potential con­straints for production.

The physical requirements of a specific land use type are water, nu­trients, temperature regime, salt tolerance. Based on the identification of limiting values which are critical for yield levels, we divide yield lev­els into classes according to growth requirements and potential changes in external inputs in the land use system.

Land use requirements should be identified according to the follow­ing criteria:

• the land should be able to support the land use on a sustained basis;

• the use should yield benefits that justify the inputs.

To meet land suitability a land use planner is to be able to separate suitable land from unsuitable according to sustainability and profitabil­ity. Trials and experience of land users must be used choosing the plot of land.

Land suitability classes reflect degrees of suitability. Lands are sub­divided into classes according to their degree of suitability and magni­tude of changes required to achieve a satisfying level of productivity. Land suitability subclasses reflect kinds of limitations, or main kind of improvement measures required within classes. A land use planner is to identify limitations which may be reduced by specific improvements. E.g. land unit evaluated as subclass S2e means erosion hazard and land unit evaluated as subclass S2w means inadequate water availability.

After matching land qualities and land use requirements, we can prepare options for development in the form of land use system, which include descriptions of biophysical requirements and the socio-eco- nomic characteristics of different land use types.

Land use system includes the combination of a land unit and a land use type. Outputs are presented to land users and decision makers as land suitability maps and descriptions of land use types.

Unit II LAND CADASTRE

Группа I планирования землепользования

Урок 1. ОБЩЕЕ ПОНИМАНИЕ планирования землепользования