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APPENDIX 1

USEFUL VOCABULARY

Below you will find a wide range of expressions, word combinations, phrases, and speech patterns, actively used in English to structure a scientific paper: to state a problem, introduce material and methods of investigation, when reviewing, citing or commenting on the pertinent literature, describing and explaining experimental data, drawing conclusions and outlining perspectives, etc.

1. Introduction

1.1. General remarks

The subject (matter) of the paper/ study / analysis / research /discussion is…

The present paper /investigation focuses on /deals with…( is devoted to the question /problem /issue of…)

- undertakes to survey /identify the structure of…

- considers what factors/ processes influence…

In this article the author aims to determine /attempts to explain the mechanisms of..

• is intended to give/ show/ develop/ provide/ record…

• examines the nature/ characteristics/ features/ functions of...

• concentrates on/ argue that/ review…

1.2. Summary lead

The structure of the article is as follows. The first part reviews/ describes/ clarifies/ outlines/ sketches… Part two portrays/ dwells on/ enlarges upon/ shows that… Part three argues that… The final part proposes/ summarizes/ spells out in detail…

In this article the author reviews/ debates the problem (and advantages) of… and argues that… He claims/ demonstrates/ suggests that (insufficient attention has been paid to)… In particular, the author shows that…

In this article, the author attempts to clarify the relation of… and … To do so, he first presents… He then attempts to show that… In conclusion … is considered.

This paper presents a new (complex/ algorithmic/ structural) approach to the study of… The empirical results are described in part one. In part two, the author addresses/ discusses/ characterizes/ comments on/ specifies… Part three turns to…/ presents theoretical results. Part four concludes with a discussion of implications/ consequences of…

This article proposes a new methodological framework within which … can be studied. After analyzing the data, it is concluded that… The results of the study are evaluated and assessed in the light of the problems of… Additionally, … is examined.

2. Positive comments

The author’s investigation is an accurate/ comprehensive/ convincing analysis of..

is a profound/ thorough description of…

supports the theory of…

The author’s study/ analysis sheds new light on…

The author’s theory/ proposal sounds attractive/ is elegant.

proved to be successful.

The author’s approach is quite/ highly creative/ effective/ fruitful/ innovative/

sophisticated/ sound.

The author offers in depth discussions on topics involving…

The article opens prospects for further study of…/casts a new light on the question.

Gives rise to theoretical discussion/ provokes reflection.

3. Criticism and objections

The author’s hypothesis leaves many questions open.

The author’s investigation generates controversy/ is a hot topic in debates.

The author’s method is far from a solution.

The author’s approach/ strategy has a number of disadvantages.

4. Data analysis

The author’s description rests on evidence obtained experimentally.

The author’s analysis rests on evidence available from biology.

5. Results and their representation

The author’s investigations/ analyses of these data reveal/ show that…

The findings of this study reveal that…

This study presents evidence to/ lends support to the hypothesis of…

The article reveals many ways in which this algorithm operates.

In general, the results of this research indicate…/ establish a clear pattern.

Seen as a whole, the results obtained suggest that…

Taken together, the results provide support for the model…

are encouraging.

This analysis serves to provide an explanation/ interpretation for…

The author’s explanation is based on the concept of…

6. Conclusion

In conclusion it may be said that…

To conclude, the author has explored…

Finally, the author turns to…/ notes that…

The author’s conclusion focuses on the fact that…

To summarize/ In summary/ To sum up…

The major points covered by this paper can be summarized as follows…

Now we can conclude that…

In general/ On the whole/ Thus, the results gained by the author indicate that…

The author’s theorizing shows that…

The main findings of this study reveal/ show how systematic these phenomena can be.

7. Prospects and applications

The conclusions of the study reveal that…

The author has succeeded in actually showing that…

The results gained by the author highlight the potential of the technique described

can be directly applied to the process of…

can enrich scientific knowledge in…

become most significant innovation in P…

bring about improvements in…

can find fruitful application

can bring economic profits.

These findings may be of considerable practical value.

The technique suggested by the author can be applied directly/ gradually/ partially.

In future it will be possible to use the method/ approach/ technique suggested…

APPENDIX 2

SAMPLE ANNOTATIONS

• Garver, Wayne; Moss, Frank. “Detecting signals with noise”: Garver and Moss describe two experiments demonstrating the utility of noise in bringing out an electronic signal and the possible extraction of data from background noise. The construction of the experiments and the likely results are discussed.

• Davies-Jones, Robert. «Tornadoes»: Although much has been discovered about the behavior and origins of tornadoes, many mysteries still remain about how these violent storms form. Davies-Jones explores the many different forms of tornadoes and the devastation that they can create.

• Jamison, Kay Redfield. “Manic-depressive illness and creativity”: Recent studies have shown a link between creativity and mood disorders such as manic-depressive illness and major depression. The connection is examined, and the cases of Lord Tennyson, Vincent van Gogh and Robert Schumann are highlighted.

• Schattschneider, Doris. «Escher's metaphors»: Although M.C. Escher claimed to know little about mathematics, his drawings reveal a keen instinctive grasp of infinity, symmetry and other mathematical principles. His work is examined.

• McCloskey, Donald. «An economic uncertainty principle”: Economists claim to know the next month's interest rates, yet they are not rich. Their claim is also a claim that others in the market do not know the future of the interest rates. The economic uncertainty principle is examined.

• Newman, Jack. «How breast milk protects newborns”: Some of the molecules and cells in human milk actively help infants stave off infection. The way in which breast milk helps protect newborns from disease is detailed.

• Nemecek, Sasha. “Transforming Hyde into Jekyll”: Recent research in tissue engineering indicates that patients could eventually receive heart valves grown from their own cells. The advantages of engineered valves are detailed.

• Nowak, Martin A.; McMichael, Andrew J. “How HIV defeats the immune system”: Nowak and McMichael propose that HIV replicates prodigiously, enough to cause the severe immune impairment that defines full-blown AIDS. The process by which HIV escapes the control of the immune system, signaling the onset of AIDS, is described.

• Iovine, John. “Genetically altering Escherichia coli”: An experiment in which three types of recombinant plasmids are constructed and then injected into Escherichia coli is described. In this experiment, resistance for ampicillin, for kanamycin and for both ampicillin and kanamycin to the bacterium is studied.

• Ross, Marc; DeCicco, John. “Measuring the energy drain on your car”: A method for measuring the friction that hurts a car's efficiency is explained. Rolling resistance and engine drag can be found by pulling a car with a rope attached to a spring scale.

• Dragovan, Mark. “Making a mirror by spinning a liquid”: Instructions of how to build a telescope mirror by spinning a liquid are offered.

• Hiller, Robert A. et at. “Producing light from a bubble of air”: Instructions for turning sound into light through a process called sonoluminescence are offered. Light can be produced from a bubble of air using an oscilloscope, a sound generator, a home stereo amplifier and about $100 worth of equipment.

• Stewart, Jan. «The never-ending chess game»: A hypothetical chess game that goes on forever without checkmate and without repeating the same sequence of moves three times in a row is presented.

APPENDIX 3

SAMPLE TEXT WITH ANNOTATION

Some Challenges to Implementing the Project Approach

From Changing Classroom Practice to Include the Project Approach by Ann-Marie Clark

Annotation: “Some Challenges to Implementing the Project Approach” discusses the difficulties that teachers may face while using projects in their classroom practice. Planning is stated as the main challenge. The author explains why planning project work can be difficult and states the difference between teachers new to the Project Approach and experienced practitioners. Some recommendations on planning and carrying out projects are also given.

Unlike more traditional models of direct instruction, which may suggest a teacher's script, or offer a list of activities and worksheets for a typical plan-teach-review-test format, there is "no single way to incorporate project work into a curriculum or teaching style" (Katz & Chard, 2000). It is up to each teacher to decide how much of the school day will be devoted to project work and how it best fits into the context of classroom constraints and the teacher's preferences.

Projects are easier for some teachers to implement than for others for a variety of reasons. These individual differences may be related to teachers' prior teaching philosophies, practices, and experiences, or to institutional, collegial, or administrative contexts in which they work.

Furthermore, even though project work is organized around a three-phase structure of investigation, representation, and culmination, there are no specific directions to use such as a teacher's manual or a guide for writing lesson plans. If a teacher uses the language associated with the typical lesson plan required for teacher-generated activities, this practice may serve as an indication that she has not yet developed a full understanding of the processes involved in project work.

The preliminary planning that accompanies much successful project work involves the preparation of the mind of the teacher for the possibilities that could arise from the children's study of the topic. It is not the kind of objectives-driven planning that characterizes much direct instruction, where the objectives can be operationalized and pre-specified in considerable detail. Instead, planning for project work involves the imaginative anticipation of the prior experience level of interest that might reasonably be expected from a given class of children.

For teachers new to the Project Approach, thinking about how to plan for a project to unfold may seem difficult. The role of the teacher can appear to be obscure to the novice. Not only must the teacher become an imaginative anticipator of the work to be accomplished, but she must also learn to become a facilitator of the understandings to be gained by the children.

More-experienced practitioners know how to foster children's dispositions to wonder and ask questions, how to nurture children's dispositions to take initiative in planning and carrying out inquiries, and how to negotiate with children so that each child takes responsibility for what she or he does and learns. However, learning how to conduct this type of project work is a developmental process for both the teacher and the children. The teacher must find ways to encourage the children to become independent workers by having them decide what they will attempt to accomplish each day during the time set aside for project work. The teacher also must plan for where her assistance is most needed for the day.

Teachers with more experience with using the Project Approach typically report that projects take on a life of their own. Perhaps this is a sign that they have come to respect the children's interests, motivation, and curiosity—that they recognize the value of engagement for children's learning. Perhaps this is a testament to their skillfulness in guiding children through meaningful investigations and representations during the course of the project. Certainly, skillful guidance on the part of the teacher indicates a deeper understanding of the dynamic processes involved in good project work. However, how does a teacher learn how to conduct this kind of good project work?

APPENDIX 4

SOME TIPS ON SUMMARY WRITING

Ancient Japanese Art of Origami Thriving in San Francisco

Suli Yi

The ancient Japanese art of origami – or paper folding – is thriving today in San Francisco – thanks largely to an American scientist.

Remember how much fun it was to play with paper airplanes as a kid? Most people give up those kinds of hobbies once they grow up, but not Robert Lang.

"The biggest thing was just like this paper airplane, it was a way that you can make something with found materials, cheap paper, scraps, even trash," said Lang.

Lang lives in the San Francisco bay area. He is a laser physicist and graduate of the California Institute of Technology, and has nearly 50 U.S. patents to his name. Eight years ago he gave up his job to pursue origami, making him one of the few professional origami artists in the country.  He never stops creating, even during lunchtime.

"I'll give it to the waitress. It'll be part of the tip," he added.

But Lang can turn bills into lots of other things besides butterflies.

"This was folded from two individual dollar bills," he added. "I paid two dollars for the two dollar bills."

This flower was made from six one-dollar bills. This plate was made with three, and another three for the lobster. Under his expert hands, paper of almost any type, stiffness or thickness can be turned into a work of art.

"Different papers suggest different subjects. And in some cases, the paper itself suggested what the best subject was. When I saw this paper, the Mexican paper, I immediately thought I want to fold it into a pot," he said.

Using his understanding of complex geometric forms, Lang has played an important role in origami's evolution. Many of these models were unheard of just 10 or so years ago.

"The reason I do a lot of animals is because I'm inspired by the real thing," he explained.

Lang's works have been displayed in the Lindsay Wildlife Museum near San Francisco for years. Loren Behr is executive director of the museum.

"It is kind of hard to believe sometimes when I look at his work to realize that one sheet of paper goes into each of the animals with all of the complexities," she said. "All the amazing number of folds … I can't imagine that he can actually do that."

Many countries around the world have origami traditions. But it has played a particularly important role in Japanese culture. The English term origami is a transliteration of the Japanese word. "Ori" means "to fold," and "gami" means "paper."  San Francisco's Japantown is home to some origami masters, including Linda Tomoko Mihara. 

Linda is a third-generation Japanese-American. She is famous for her origami cranes, which once played an important role in Japanese culture. 

"It was tradition for the bride to fold 1,000 cranes to wish for a long and prosperous marriage, and also to demonstrate her patience and I guess her humility to show that she would be a good wife, which is a very old way of thinking, but that's how it was in that time," she explained.

Linda's grandparents compiled the first origami handbook ever published in the United States. She began doing origami at the age of five.

She and Lang have worked together. They once created all the origami models for a 3D animated commercial.

"Everything you saw in that commercial except the car was origami. So we did buildings, city buildings, Victorian houses, even the decorations in the streets around the houses. Trash cans, potted plants, street lamps," explained Robert Lang.

The great response that the commercial got has further spurred the two artist's passion to create. They are now hoping to one day do the first-ever origami movie.

Ссылка на статью:

http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/arts-and-entertainment/art-culture/Ancient-Japanese-Art-of-Origami-Thriving-in-San-Francisco-88230457.html

 1) Итак, статья взята из раздела Art and Culture. Статья называется «Ancient Japanese Art of Origami Thriving in San Francisco».

2) Теперь бегло читаем текст и определяем основную мысль текста. В статье говорится о нарастающей популярности древнего японского искусства оригами. Можно сделать вывод, что автор восхищается способностями художников, работающих в технике оригами, поэтому использует слова, акцентирующие наше внимание на красоте этого искусства. (На этой стадии написания резюме в глаза бросаются следующие слова: thriving, pursue, inspire, amazing, create, great response, spur, passion).

3) Далее обращаем внимание на ключевые слова: art, origami models, work, create, important. Не стоит забывать и слова, отмеченные в предыдущем пункте.

На наш взгляд, самое первое предложение более полно отражает смысл статьи:«The ancient Japanese art of origami – or paper folding – is thriving today in San Francisco – thanks largely to an American scientist». Необходимо отметить важность последнего предложения «They are now hoping to one day do the first ever origami movie», так как оно может послужить неким итогом статьи. Оно, несомненно, пригодится нам для резюме.

4) Данная статья разделена на абзацы, но некоторые из них можно объединить и составить символичный план статьи (здесь учитываем скорее не объем частей статьи, а их смысловую независимость друг от друга):

– популярность оригами

– Роберт Ланг решил не расставаться со своим детским увлечением

– Ланга привлекает возможность создавать нечто из ненужной бумаги

– Бросив успешную работу, Ланг начинает профессионально заниматься оригами

– Ланг создает бумажные фигурки из всего, что попадает ему в руки, даже из долларовых банкнот.

– Бумага сама подсказывает ему, что из нее должно получиться.

– За время своей усиленной работы Лангу удалось создать множество авторских фигурок животных, не существовавших до него.

– В Сан-Франциско есть много художников японского происхождения, работающих в технике оригами. Линда Томоко Михара – одна из них.

– Линда рассказывает о японских традициях оригами.

– Линда и Роберт работали вместе над созданием фигурок оригами для 3D-анимации.

– Этот проект оказался очень успешным и вдохновил художников на дальнейшую работу. Они надеются однажды сделать фильм, в котором были бы задействованы фигурки оригами.

 

Нужно помнить, что это лишь план. 

Теперь выберем из каждой части по одному ключевому предложению:

The ancient Japanese art of origami – or paper folding – is thriving today in San Francisco – thanks largely to an American scientist.

Most people give up those kinds of hobbies once they grow up, but not Robert Lang.

...you can make something with found materials, cheap paper, scraps, even trash...

Eight years ago he gave up his job to pursue origami, making him one of the few professional origami artists in the country.

Under his expert hands, paper of almost any type, stiffness or thickness can be turned into a work of art.

...the paper itself suggested what the best subject was...

Lang has played an important role in origami's evolution.

...I'm inspired by the real thing...

San Francisco's Japantown is home to some origami masters, including Linda Tomoko Mihara.

She is famous for her origami cranes, which once played an important role in Japanese culture.

She and Lang have worked together. They once created all the origami models for a 3D animated commercial.

Everything you saw in that commercial except the car was origami.

They are now hoping to one day do the first-ever origami movie.

5) Попробуем выразить смысл всей статьи в одном предложении. Получается вот что: The article describes growing popularity of origami in San Francisco. Заготовим резюме каждого абзаца, не забывая, что намеренно опускаем все детали, всю лишнюю информацию, оставляя лишь самое важное. Таким образом, получаем следующие заготовки:

Robert Lang has taken a liking for paper folding since childhood.

He is fascinated with the idea of turning seemingly useless material into something charming.

Lang has devoted his life entirely to the art of origami.

He is able to make something wonderful with any kind of paper, even with dollars.

What shape paper takes depends on paper itself.

Lang has created a lot of unique, evolutionary works of art.

He has worked together with Linda Tomoko Mihara, a Japanese-American origami master, who keeps in mind the ancient traditions of her ancestors.

Linda and Robert have worked on the models for 3D animation and created origami models of almost all the details of the commercial.

They are dreaming of creating an origami movie.

6) Приступаем к написанию самого резюме, используя заготовки. С помощью нехитрых математических вычислений приходим к выводу, что в нашем резюме должно быть около 150-210 слов (1/3 - 1/4 от объема всей статьи). В первом предложении нам нужно указать название и автора статьи, а также источник, в котором она была опубликована. Заранее позаботимся о вводных фразах, которые должны обеспечить плавный переход от одного предложения к другому:

Nowadays, firstly, secondly, as a result, consequently, finally, to sum up, in conclusion, on the one hand, on the other hand, however, yet, thus, anyway, actually, in fact, clearly, naturally, obviously, similarly, on the contrary, moreover, furthermore.

Полезными могут оказаться и следующие конструкции: it is widely known, there is no doubt that, it seems that, the article describes, shows, is devoted to и т.д..

Часто используются следующие глаголы: agree, disagree, refuse, suggest, demand, comment on, insist, critisize, analyse и их синонимы.

Итак, конечная версия резюме данной статьи выглядит так:

The article «Ancient Japanese Art of Origami Thriving in San Francisco» written by Yi Suili and published by VOA on the 17th of March 2010 describes growing popularity of origami in San Francisco.

An American scientist, Robert Lang has taken a liking for paper folding since childhood. As a result, he is fascinated with the idea of turning seemingly useless material into something charming. For the last eight years Lang has devoted his life entirely to the art of origami. Besides, this master is able to make something wonderful with any kind of paper, even with dollars. What shape paper takes depends on paper itself.

Excited with the animals Lang has created a lot of unique, evolutionary works of art. Recently, he has worked together with Linda Tomoko Mihara, a Japanese-American origami master, who keeps in mind the ancient traditions of her ancestors. Linda and Robert have worked on the models for 3D animation and created origami models of almost all the details of the commercial.

Consequently, inspired by the success they are dreaming of creating an origami movie.

APPENDIX 5

SOME TIPS ON REVIEW WRITING

Размер рецензии зависит от объема, содержания и значимости рецензируемой работы. В рецензиях всегда присутствует субъективно-оценочный элемент и поэтому они весьма разнообразны по стилю и построению. Но, тем не менее, некоторые элементы рецензии можно считать обязательными, хотя их последовательность далеко не всегда одинакова.

ОСНОВНЫЕ РАЗДЕЛЫ РЕЦЕНЗИИ

1. Характеристика работы. (Описание того, что собой представляет работа.)

2. Структура работы. (Построение по разделам и главам и их содержание.)

3. Историческая справка. Выходные данные.

4. Основные достоинства и недостатки.

5. Оценка работы. Рекомендации. Заключение.

Построение абзацев достаточно стандартно. В них перемежаются простые и распространенные предложения.

Временная форма сказуемого, как правило, Present Indefinite. Преобладает действительный залог.

I. ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА И ОПИСАНИЕ РАБОТЫ

Чтобы охарактеризовать работу, т. е. описать предмет исследования, основную цель, принципы, положенные в основу данной работы, расположение материала и пр., пользуйтесь следующими существительными, глаголами и сочетаниями: book, work, paper – книга, работа, научная статья; monograph, review – монография, обзорная работа (обозрение); content – содержание; material – материал (содержание работы); the book under review – рассматриваемая (рецензируемая) книга; the book constitutes, comprises, deals with, treats, discusses, presents, summarizes – книга представляет собой, включает, касается, затрагивает, суммирует (обобщает); be given, be presented (material) – (материал) подан, представлен; be devoted, be referred to – (книга) посвящена, относится к... be emphasized – подчеркивается.

II. СТРУКТУРА РАБОТЫ. ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА ПОСТРОЕНИЯ КНИГИ И ЕЕ РАЗДЕЛОВ

Говоря о структуре работы, нужно знать такие существительные, как: volume – том; part – часть; chapter – глава; section – раздел; paragraph – параграф, абзац; illustrations – рисунки, пояснения; references – ссылки; list of literature – список литературы.

Наиболее употребительные глаголы: constitute – представлять собой; comprise – состоять (из); cover – охватывать, занимать; analyse, deal with, treat – анализировать, рассматривать, затрагивать; give, present – подавать, представлять (материал); reflect, illustrate – отражать, иллюстрировать; arrange – располагать, классифицировать (материал); be followed – следовать (за), сопровождаться; book comprises – книга состоит из, включает.

Примечание. Следует помнить, что порядковым числительным и прилагательным last, final всегда предшествует определенный артикль: the first, the second, the third, the fifth, the last (final) – первый, второй, третий, пятый, последний.