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§ 5. 3. Euphoria

During this phase, caution is thrown to the wind, as asset prices skyrocket. The "greater fool" theory plays out everywhere. Valuations reach extreme levels during this phase. For example, at the peak of the Japanese real estate bubble in 1989, land in Tokyo sold for as much as $139,000 per square foot, or more than 350-times the value of Manhattan property. After the bubble burst, real estate lost approximately 80% of its inflated value, while stock prices declined by 70%. Similarly, at the height of the internet bubble in March, 2000, the combined value of all technology stocks on the Nasdaq was higher than the GDP of most nations.

§ 6. 4. Profit Taking

By this time, the smart money – heeding the warning signs – is generally selling out positions and taking profits. But estimating the exact time when a bubble is due to collapse can be a difficult exercise and extremely hazardous to one's financial health because, as John Maynard Keynes put it, "the markets can stay irrational longer than you can stay solvent." Note that it only takes a relatively minor event to prick a bubble, but once it is pricked, the bubble cannot "inflate" again.

§ 7. 5. Panic

In the panic stage, asset prices reverse course and descend as rapidly as they had ascended. Investors and speculators, faced with margin calls and plunging values of their holdings, now want to liquidate them at any price. As supply overwhelms demand, asset prices slide sharply. One of the most vivid examples of global panic in financial markets occurred in October 2008, weeks after Lehman Brothers declared bankruptcy and Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac and AIG almost collapsed. The S&P 500 plunged almost 17% that month, its ninth-worst monthly performance. In that single month, global equity markets lost a staggering $9.3 trillion of 22% of their combined market capitalization.

2. Read the text and answer the questions.

1. How is “bubble” specified in the article?

2. Describe the characteristics of a “bubble”.

3. Work with vocabulary. Identify the words and word combinations marked violet in the text with their definitions given in the table below.

1. the amount of attention that television, radio, and newspapers give to something, or the way in which something is reported (2 words)

_____________

2. a group of people who share the same ideas or aims or who live or work together (n)

3. so surprisingly impressive as to stun or overwhelm (adj)

4. to rise or cause to rise rapidly and suddenly (v)

5. capable of meeting financial obligations (adj)

6. to pay attention to; listen to and consider (v)

7. a demand by a broker that a customer deposit enough to bring his margin up to the minimum requirement (2 words)

8. looking backward or reviewing the past (2 words)

9. to incite or stimulate (v)

10. of or relating to the essential nature of a thing; inherent (adj)

11. stock exchange (2 words)

12. the percentage of a sum of money charged for its use (2 words)

13. to do something that makes a process or feeling start to develop (phrase)

14. A. to puncture lightly; B. to affect with a mental or emotional pang, as of sorrow or remorse (v)

15. A. to thrust or throw; B. to descend very suddenly or steeply; C. to speculate or gamble recklessly, for high stakes, etc (v)

16. in the community (phrase)

17. 1) when something is officially stopped for a period of time; 2) an interruption or temporary revocation; 3) a postponement, as of a judgment, opinion, or decision (n)

18. to exceed, cover, surge over (v)

19. waste smth, refuse from smth (phrase)

20. to inspire with love; captivate (v)

21. to convert (assets) into cash (v)

22. investments made by people experienced and well informed in matters of finance, esp. with inside information (2 words)

23. one that serves as a pattern or model (n)

24. involving great risk (adj)

25. a feeling of great happiness or well-being (n)

26. property consisting of houses and land (2 words)

27. a temporary, conditional pledge of property to a creditor as security for performance of an obligation or repayment of a debt (n)

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