МІНІСТЕРСТВО ОСВІТИ І НАУКИ УКРАЇНИ
ЧЕРКАСЬКИЙ ДЕРЖАВНИЙ БІЗНЕС-КОЛЕДЖ
Тексти для читання англійською мовою
за спеціальністю “Дизайн”
Методичні вказівки
Черкаси 2001
УДК 802.0:745 / 749 (072)
Рекомендовано до друку рішенням
методичної ради Черкаського
державного бізнес-коледжу.
Протокол № 1 від 1 жовтня 2001 року.
Укладач: Прозоровська І.М.
Тексти для читання англійською мовою за спеціальністю „Дизайн”
Черкаси, 2001 – 33 с.
Методичні вказівки охоплюють тексти для читання за основною термінологією профілю. До кожного тексту студентам пропонуються вправи на закріплення лексичного матеріалу, які сприяють розвитку навичок самостійної роботи з фаховою літературою. Розраховано на студентів денної форми навчання вищих навчальних закладів І-ІІ рівнів акредитації.
Затверджено на засіданні циклової комісії іноземних мов.
Протокол № 10 від 11 червня 2001 р.
П Е Р Е Д М О В А
В процесі вивчення іноземної мови студенти повинні оволодіти системою знань та умінь, необхідних для усного мовлення, самостійного опрацювання літератури за фахом.
Метою даних методичних вказівок є допомога студентам, які навчаються за спеціальністю “Дизайн” в оволодінні фаховим лексичним матеріалом. Методичні вказівки охоплюють тексти для читання за основною термінологією профілю. До кожного тексту студентам пропонуються вправи на закріплення лексичного матеріалу, які сприяють розвитку навичок самостійної роботи.
Щоб досягти успіху у вивченні іноземної мови, потрібна постійна клопітка праця. Мовою бажано займатися щоденно не менше 30-40 хвилин. Перерви у заняттях ведуть до забування пройденого матеріалу. Відтворення у пам’яті вивченого матеріалу після перерви у роботі вимагатиме більше часу і напруги, ніж планомірна щоденна праця над мовою.
TEXT 1
Read the text:
COLOUR
Colour fills our world with beauty. We delight in the colours of a magnificent sunset and in the bright red and golden-yellow leaves of autumn. We are charmed by gorgeous flowering plants and the brilliantly coloured arch of a rainbow. We also use colour in various ways to add pleasure and interest to our lives. For example, many people choose the colours of their clothes carefully and decorate their homes with colours that create beautiful, restful, or exciting effects. By their selection and arrangement of colours, artists try to make their paintings more realistic or expressive.
Colour serves as a means of communication. In sports, different coloured uniforms show which team the players are in. On the roads, a red traffic light tells drivers to stop, and a green light tells them to go. On a map printed in colour, blue may stand for rivers and other bodies of water, green for forests and parks, and red for roads.
We use the names of colours in many common expressions to describe moods and feelings. For example, we say a sad person feels blue and a jealous one is green with envy. We say an angry person sees red. A coward may be called yellow.
Colour plays an important part in nature. The brilliant colours of many kinds of blossoms attract insects. The insects may pollinate the flowers, causing the plant to develop seeds and fruits. Colourful fruits attract many kinds of fruit-eating animals, which pass the seeds of the fruits in the droppings. The seeds may then sprout wherever the droppings fall. In this way, fruit-bearing plants may be spread naturally to new areas.
The colours of some animals help them attract mates. For example, a peacock spreads his brightly coloured feathers when courting female. The colours of many other animals help them escape from enemies. For example, Arctic hares have brownish fur in summer. In winter, their fur turns white, making it difficult for enemies to see the hares on the snow.
Although we speak of seeing colours of objects, we do not actually see them. Instead, we see the light that objects reflect or give off. Our eyes absorb this light and change it into electrochemical signals. The signals travel through nerves to the brain, which interprets them as coloured images. However, there is much that scientists still do not know about how our eyes and brain enable us to sense colour.
Do the exrcises below.
Exercise 1. Answer the questions below.
1. Why and when do we use colour?
2. What serves as a means of communication?
3. How do colours help us describe our moods and feelings?
4. What does colour mean in nature?
5. What does colour mean for animals?
6. How do we see colours?
Exercise 2. Complete the sentences from the text.
1. Colour fills our world with ... . 2. We are charmed by ... . 3. We also use colour in various ways to add pleasure and interest to our lives. For example, many people choose ... . 4. By their selection and arrangement of colours, artists try to ... . 5. Colour serves as ... . 6. In sports different coloured uniforms show ... . 7. On the roads a red traffic light tells drivers to ... and a green light ... . 8. We use the names of colours to describe ... . 9. We say a sad person ... and a jealous one ... . 10. An angry person sees ... . 11. A coward may be called ... . 12. Many kinds of blossoms attract ... . 13. The colours of animals help them attract ... . 14. Our eyes absorb ... and change it into ... .
Exercise 3. Find English equivalents of the following words from
the text and memorize them:
захоплювати; зачаровувати; розкішний; кольoрова арка; прикрашати; створювати; вибір; виразний; значити; загальні вирази; сумний; заздрісний; боягуз; приваблювати; запилювати; насіння; пускати паростки; павич; перо; залицятися; відбивати; убирати; мозок; образ; відчувати.
TEXT 2
Read the text:
METHODS OF COLOUR PRODUCTION
Manufacturers, artists, and craftworkers produce objects in a tremendous variety of colours. To create so many different colours, they use one of two basic methods. These methods are mixing colorants and mixing coloured lights.
Mixing colorants. A great variety of colours can be created by mixing colorants. Colorants are chemical substances that give colour to such materials as ink, paint, crayons, and chalk. Most colorants consist of fine powders that are mixed with liquids,
wax, or other substances to make them easier to apply to objects. Colorants that dissolve in liquids are called dyes. Colorants that do not dissolve but spread through liquids or other substances as tiny solid particles are called pigments.
When two different colorants are mixed, a third colour is produced. For example, when paint with blue pigment is mixed with paint that has yellow pigment, the resulting paint appears green.
Any three colorants that can be mixed in different combinations to produce nearly any other colour are known as primary colorants or primary colours in paint. A common group of primary colorants consists of red, yellow and blue. When primary colorants are mixed in pairs, the resulting colour are called secondary colours in paint. Orange is formed by mixing red and yellow, green by mixing yellow and blue, and purple by mixing blue and red.
Mixing equal amounts of three primary colorants results in a colour that is almost black. Mixing white with a colour produces a tint. The combination of black and white forms grey. Mixing grey with a colour creates a tone.
Mixing coloured lights. When lights of different colours are projected together onto a screen, they blend and form new colours. Mixing coloured lights produces new colours differently from the way mixing colorants does. Mixing colorants results in new colours because each colorant substracts some wavelenghs of light. But mixing coloured lights produces new colours by adding light of different wavelenghts. For this reason, coloured light mixtures are sometimes called additive colour mixtures.
In an additive colour mixture, the primary colours differ from those in paint. When red and green lights are mixed, the result is yellow light. A mixture of blue and green lights forms blue-green light, and blue and red lights form purple light. Combining all three primary colours in light in the proper proportions results in white light.
Colour television pictures are created by additive mixtures of the three primary colours in light. A colour TV screen has thousands of tiny areas that glow when struck by a beam of electrons. Some areas produce red light, others produce green light, and still others produce blue light. When we watch a colour programme, we do not see each red, green, or blue area. Instead, we see a range of many colours produced when the red, green, and blue lights blend in our vision.
Do the exrcises below.
Exercise 1. Answer the questions below.
1. What are two basic methods of colour production?
2. What are colorants? What do they consist of?
3. What are dyes?
4. What are pigments?
5. How is a third colour produced?
6. What primary colours do you know?
7. How is orange colour formed?
8. What are tints and tones?
9. Does mixing coloured lights produce new colours differently
from the way mixing colorants produce?
10. What are additive colour mixtures?
11. What is the result when red and green lights are mixed?
12. How do we see colour television pictures?
Exercise 2. Complete the sentences from the text.
1. Manufactures, artists, and craftworkers produce ... . 2. These methods are ... . 3. Colorants are ... . 4. Most colorants consist of ... . 5. Colorants that dissolve in liquids are called ... , and colorants that do not dissolve in liquids are called ... . 6. When two different colorants are mixed .... . 7. A common group of primary colorants consist of ... . 8. When primary colorants are mixed in pairs ... . 9. The combinations of black and white forms ... . 10. Mixing coloured lights produces ... . 11. When red and green lights are mixed ... . 12. Combining all three primary colours in light in the proper proportions results ... . 13. Colour television pictures are created ... . 14. When we watch a colour programme, we ... . Instead we see ... .
Exercise 3. Find English equivalents of the following words from
the text and memorize them:
ремісник; хімічні речовини; кольорова крейда; рідина; віск; застосовувати; розчинятися; барвник; частинки; змішувати; первинний; рівна кількість; відтінок; суміш; сіяти; промінь.
TEXT 3
Read the text:
PRODUCING COLOUR HARMONY
When neighbouring colours have a pleasing effect, we say that they produce colour harmony. In selecting clothes or decorating homes, many people consider which colours look good together. Artist and scientists have developed guidelines for combining colours. But there are no fixed rules of colour harmony because too many factors affect whether colours go well together.
A colour circle, or colour wheel, shows the relations among colours. It is a helpful tool for choosing harmonious colour combinations. A colour circle consists of a range of colours in the form of a circle. The colours run from red, through the other colours of the spectrum, and back to red again. Three colours an equal distance apart on the colour circle are called a colour triad. The colours in a triad often go well together. The primary colours on the colour circle - red, yellow, and blue - form a triad. The secondary colours - green, orange, and purple - are mixtures of two primary colours. They lie at equal distances from a triad. Intermediate colours are mixtures of a primary and a secondary colour. They lie between primary and secondary colours. A mixture of two secondary colours forms a tertiary colour.
Any two colours that lie directly opposite each other on the other colour circle are called complementary colours in paint. Such pairs of complementary colours include red and green, orange and blue, and yellow and violet. Complementary colours often go well together. A colour also may harmonize with colours that lie next to its complement, such as red with blue-green or yellow-green. Such colours are called near-complementary colours.
Do the exercises below.
Exercise 1. Answer the questions below.
1. What do people consider when they select clothes or decorate homes?
2. What does colour circle show?
3. What does colour circle consist of?
4. What colours are called a colour triad?
5. What are primary colours on the colour circle?
6. What are secondary colours?
7. What are intermediate colours?
8. What is a tertiary colour?
9. What complementary colours do you know?
Exercise 2. Complete the sentences from the text.
1. When neighbouring colours have a pleasing effect, we say ... . 2. Artists and scientists have developed ... . 3. A colour circle or colour wheel shows ... . 4. A colour circle consists of ... . 5. The colours run from ... . 6. Three colours an equal distance apart ... . 7. The primary colours are ... . 8. The secondary colours are ... . 9. Intermediate colours are ... . 10. A mixture of two secondary colours forms ... . 11. Any two colours that lie directly opposite each other are called ... . 12. Complementary colours often ... .
Exercise 3. Find English equivalents of the following words from
the text and memorize them:
приємний ефект; гармонія кольорів; розглядати; визначені правила; інструмент; рівна відстань; проміжний; додатковий; гармонізувати.
TEXT 4
Read the text:
DYE
Dye is a chemical compound used to produce longlasting colours in materials. The textile industry uses dyes to colour fibres, yarns, and fabrics. Manufacturers also dye food, fur, ink, leather, paper, plastics, and wood. This article discusses textile dyeing.
Until the 1850’s, all dyes were made from natural sources, such as various parts of plants or of certain animals. Most natural dyes came from such parts of plants as the bark, berries, flowers, leaves, and roots. The madder plant, which grows in Asia and Europe, supplied bright red dyes for many fabrics, including linen and silk. People in many countries obtained saffron, a yellow dye, from the crocus plant. They used saffron on such textiles as silk and wool. Natural indigo, a dark blue dye, comes from the indigo plant, which grows chiefly in India. Dyers used it on cotton, wool, and other fibres, and it is still used on denim fabrics. Logwood is another natural dye that is still used. It comes from a tree that grows in Central America, Mexico, and the West Indies. Logwood supplies black and brown dye for such materials as cotton, fur, and silk. Henna, an orange brown dye made from a shrub of North Africa and the Middle East, was used to colour leather. Henna is sometimes used to dye human hair.
Leading animal dyes included carmine and Tyrian purple. Carmine, a bright red dye, was made from the dried bodies of an insect of Mexico and Central America. Tyrian purple was a rare dye that came from certain shellfish of the Aegean and Mediterranean seas.
During the late 1800’s and early 1900’s, chemists developed synthetic dyes. These dyes hold their colour better and cost less to produce that natural dyes. Today, industry uses synthetic dyes almost entirely.
Do the exercises below.
Exercise 1. Answer the questions below.
1. What is dye?
2. How do people use dyes?
3. What are natural dyes made from?
4. What colour did the madder plant supply?
5. What is saffron?
6. Where does natural indigo come from?
7. On what fabrics is indigo used?
8. What colour does logwood supply?
9. What is henna? Where is it used?
10. What are leading animal dyes?
11. When did chemists develop synthetic dyes?
Exercise 2. Complete the sentences from the text.
1. Dye is ... . 2. The textile industry uses dyes to ... . 3. Until the 1850’s, all dyes were made from ... . 4. Most natural dyes came from ... . 5. The madder plant supplied ... . 6. People obtained saffron from ... . 7. Natural indigo comes from ... . 8. Logwood comes from ... . 9. Logwood supplies black and brown for ... . 10. Henna was used to ... . 11. Leading animal dyes included ... . 12. Carmine was made from ... . 13. Tyrian purple came from ... . 14. Synthetic dyes hold ... . 15. Today, industry uses ... .
Exercise 3. Find English equivalents of the following words from
the text and memorize them:
барвник; волокно; пряжа; тканина; кора; коріння; марена; полотно; шовк; шафран; джинсова тканина; бавовна; чагарник; хна; молюск; повністю.
TEXT 5
Read the text:
DESIGN
Design is the intended arrangement of materials to produce a certain result or effect. Design plays an important role in all the fine arts and also in the creation of many industrial products.
Painters and other visual artists work with lines, shapes, and colours. They are concerned with the direction of lines, the size of the shapes, and the shading of the colours. Visual artists try to arrange these elements into a pattern that will seem emotionally satisfying to the spectator. If this effect is obtained, the design will have unity.
Some principles of design are repetition, harmony or balance, contrast or discord, rhythm and unity.
Repetition consists in the repeating of lines or shapes in large areas of a design. Japanese colour prints are noted for their handling of repetition. Many of these prints have fine slanting lines of rain, or scenes with reflections on water repeated over and over.
Harmony, or balance, can be obtained in many ways. It may be either symmetrical (in balance) or asymmetrical (out of perfect balance, but still pleasing to the eye). Or a small area has an importance to the eye (because of treatment or colour) that equals that of the larger area.
Contrast, or discord, is the opposite of harmony. The colours red and orange harmonize, since orange contains red. A circle and an oval harmonize, because they both are made of curved lines. However, a short line does not harmonize with a long line. It is a contrast.
Rhythm and movement are obtained by the use of wavy lines, or motifs placed on contrast to static patterns which give interest to a design.
Unity occurs when all the elements in a design combine to form a consistent whole. Unity resembles balance. A design has unity if its masses are balanced, or if its tones and colours harmonize. But unity differs from balance because it implies that all these balanced elements work together to form harmony in the design as a whole.
Do the exercises below.
Exercise 1. Answer the questions below.
1. What is design?
2. How do painters and visual artists work?
3. What principles of design do you know?
4. What is repetition?
5. When can harmony be obtained?
6. What is contrast?
7. What is rhythm?
8. When does unity occur?
Exercise 2. Complete the sentences from the text.
1. Design is ... . 2. Painters and other visual artists work with ... . 3. Visual artists try to ... . 4. Some principles of design are ... . 5. Repetition consists in ... . 6. Harmony may be either ... . 7. The colours red and orange ... . 8. A circle and an oval harmonize ... . 9. Rhythm and movement are obtained by ... . 10. Unity resembles ... .
Exercise 3. Find English equivalents of the following words from
the text and memorize them:
з наміром; форма; напрямок ліній; глядач; набувати єдності; косий;
відображення; містити; вигнутий; траплятися; бути подібним; натякати.
TEXT 6
Read the text:
INTERIOR DECORATION
Interior decoration, also called interior design is the art of creating rooms and other areas that are attractive, comfortable, and useful. Carpeting, curtains, furniture, lighting, paint, wall coverings, and many other items may contribute to the creation of an interior. Interior decoration involves the careful selection of each item to suit the area’s purpose and overall mood.
Interior decoration is one of the oldest arts. From the earliest times, people have decorated the places where they live. The ancient Egyptians decorated rooms with large wall paintings. The ancient Romans covered their floors with colourful mosaics. There have been many decorating styles. Some styles have been simple and elegant. Others have been rich and elaborate.
Most people think of interior decoration in terms of decorating the rooms of a home. But professonals called interior design also planning and creating interiors for hotels and motels, hospitals, libraries, office buildings, schools, and department stores. They also design the indoor area of banks, churches, theatres, and transportation terminals. Professional designers even plan the interiors of aeroplanes, cars, and ships.
Most professionals prefer to call their field interior design rather than interior decoration. They stress the fact that their job involves planning the complete design of an interior, not simply its ornaments or decorations. But most people outside the profession still use the older term interior decoration.
Whether a designer is a professional planning a hotel lobby or a nonprofessional planning a living room, interior decoration involves a problem-solving process. In developing a design plan for an interior, the designer must determine all the activities that the area may be used for. The designer must also consider who will use the area and what the overall mood should be. Each interior poses special problems. For example, a ship’s dining room needs furnishings that will stay in place when the ship rolls. A classroom should have furnishings that create a happy, stimulating mood and withstand hard wear by children.
Interior decoration is closely related to interior architecture - that is, the shape, special features, and style built into an indoor area. For example, a bay window, archway, stairway, or fireplace may be part of an area’s interior architecture. If some arhitectural feature does not suit the design plan, a designer may use furnishings, colour, or some other item in the plan to conceal that feature or to draw attention from it. On the other hand, the design plan might be used to attract attention to an architectural feature. Designers try to make their design harmonize with the interior architecture. In a room with exposed wood cealing beams, for example, a designer would use furnishings that fit the casual mood created by the architecture.
Many professional designers describe interior decoration as the art of creating an interior environment. Just as no one outdoor environment is right for all people. Good interior design results in an attractive, comfortable area that satisfies the needs and desires of its users.
Do the exercises below.
Exercise 1. Answer the questions below.
1. What is interior decoration?
2. What things may contribute to the creation of an interior?
3. How did the ancient Egyptians decorate rooms?
4. How did the ancient Romans cover their floor?
5. What do designers create? What does their job involve?
6. What must the designer determine in developing a design plan?
7. When does good interior design result?
Exercise 2. Complete the sentences from the text.
1. Interior decoration is ... . 2. Interior decoration involves ... . 3. From the earliest times, people ... . 4. The ancient Egyptians ... . 5. The ancient Romans ... . 6. Most people think of interior decoration in terms of ... . 7. But professionals called interior design ... . 8. They stress the fact that their job ... . 9. In developing a design plan for an interior, the designer must determine ... . 10. For example, a ship’s dining room needs furnishings that ... . 11. A classroom should have furnishings that ... . 12. nterior decoration is closely related ... , that is ... . 13. Designers try to make their design harmonize with ... . 14. Many professional designers describe interior decoration as ... . 15. Good interior design results in ... .
Exercise 3. Find English equivalents of the following words from
the text and memorize them:
сприяти; настрій; складний; закінчений дизайн; визначати; ставити проблему; гойдатися; протиставляти; спеціальні риси; еркер; сходи; камін; сховати; відвертати увагу; привертати увагу; виставляти.
TEXT 7
Read the text:
ELEMENTS OF DESIGN (STYLE AND FORM)
Every interior - whether it is a home, an office, a bank, or a car - combines certain basic elements of interior design to give a particular effect. The most important elements are style, form, colour and light, scale, and pattern and texture. Each element can be used in various ways to produce a wide variety of effects. In the case of pattern, for example, the ceiling in a room will appear higher if vertically striped wallpaper is used than if a floral print wallpaper is used.
Style. Most people associate style with the types of furnishings and architecture developed during a particular period of history. For example, Louis XIV style recreates the elaborate, formal furnishings found in French palaces during the reign of King Louis XIV (1643-1715). American style copies the sturdy, unornamented homes and furniture common in the American Colonies during the 1600’s and 1700’s. Some people classify interiors decorated in period styles as traditional and all other interiors as contemporary, or modern.
Style also has a much broader meaning than that of the furnishings and architecture of a particular period. This broader meaning refers to the mood created by the combination of all items in an interior.
Form refers to both the shape and the structural materials of an interior itself and of the furnishings within the interior. In good design, the form of the furnshings harmonizes with the form of the interior. For example, an airline terminal designed in free-flowing curves might include built-in curved furniture.
The form of furniture must also suit the furnituter’s purpose. For example, a chair made of tubular steel and plastic might be a good form for the study area of a modern public library.
Do the exercises below.
Exercise 1. Answer the questions below.
1. What are the most important elements of an interior?
2. How do most people associate style?
3. What does Louis XIV style recreate?
4. What does American style copy?
5. How do some people classify interiors decorated in period styles?
6. What broader meaning does style have?
7. What does form refer to?
Exercise 2. Complete the sentences from the text.
1. Every interior combines ... . 2. The most important elements are ... . 3. Each element can be used in various ways to produce ... . 4. Most people associate style with ... . 5. Louis XIV style recreates ... . 6. American style copies ... . 7. Some people classify interior decorated in period styles as ... . 8. The broader meaning of style refers to ... . 9. Form refers to ... . 10. In good design the form of the furnishings ... .
Exercise 3. Find English equivalents of the following words from
the text and memorize them:
масштаб; зразок; фактура; створити; царювання; міцний; сучасний; відносити; вбудований; трубчатий.
TEXT 8
Read the text:
ELEMENTS OF DESIGN
(COLOUR AND LIGHT, SCALE, PATTERN AND TEXTURE)
Colour and light together may be used in many ways to produce different effects. Dark-coloured walls, for example, may absorb most of the light falling on them, making a room seem dimply lit. However, the same amount of light will appear brighter in a room with pale-coloured walls because pale colours reflect light. People feel most relaxed in rooms that have some variation in colour and light. Uniform light may give an office a businesslike atmosphere, but such light becomes boring for relaxation or dining.
Colour can appear to change the size of a room. Walls painted a dark or bright colour can make a room seem smaller than it is. On the other hand, pale colours can make a room appear larger and airier because they make the walls seem farther away.
Scale refers to the relationships between the size of an interior, the size of its furnishings, the size of the people who use the interior. A design for an area is in scale when the sizes of the interior, furnishings, and people are in balance with one another. A design is out of scale when anything appears too large, too small, too heavy, or too light.
The scale of an interior and its furnishings have definite psychological effects on people. In a cathedral, for example, a high ceiling helps to create a feeling or reference for God.
For the purpose of worship, this feeling is probably exactly what the architects wanted people to experience. But in the same way, extremely high-ceilinged rooms in a home would make most people feel uncomfortable and so would be inappropriate for everyday living. People also feel uneasy if the furnishings they use are not in scale. For example, most tall, heavy men feel uneasy in light, dainty chairs but comfortable in large, sturdy ones.
Pattern and texture. Pattern refers to the designs in draperies, floor coverings, and other items in an interior. Texture refers to the surface appearance or feel of the items. Even if people do not touch everything in an area, their eyes interpret texture. Pattern and texture are closely related. For example, patterns can sometimes give the illusion of variation in texture.
Interiors with too little or too great a variety of patterns and textures can affect people psychologically. For example, a room decorated entirely with smooth-textured, white materials may bore people. A room decorated with an unplanned mixture of textured and patterned fabrics can be mentally agitating.
Textures affect colour and light distribution. Very smooth textures may reflect so much light that they create a mirror effect. But deeply textured white carpet appears much darker than a smooth white wall.
Texture and pattern also have a relationship to scale. For example, walls made of large blocks of deeply grooved concrete might appear in scale a large auditorium but out of scale in a small room of a home.
Do the exercises below.
Exercise 1. Answer the questions below.
1. How may colour and light be used in a design?
2. What is scale for design?
3. How does pattern refer to the designs?
4. What does texture refer to?
5. How can pattens and textures affect people?
Exercise 2. Complete the sentences from the text.
1. Colour and light together may be used ... . 2. Dark-coloured walls may absorb ... . 3. Pale colours reflect ... . 4. Colour can appear to ... . 5. Walls painted a dark or bright colour can ... . 6. Scale refers to ... . 7. A design is out of scale when ... . 8. In a cathedral a high ceiling helps to ... . 9. Most tall, heavy men feel uneasy in ... . 10. Pattern refers to the designs in ... . 11. Texture refers to ... . 12. Interiors with too little or too great a variety of patterns and textures can affect ... . 13. Textures affect ... . 14. Very smooth textures may reflect ... . 15. But deep, heavy textures ... .
Exercise 3. Find English equivalents of the following words from
the text and memorize them:
тьмяно-освітлений; бліді кольори; відобржати; нудний; богослужіння; витончений; драпіровка; дзеркальний ефект; викривляти; виїмка.
TEXT 9
Read the text:
DEVELOPING A PLAN
Before developing a plan for an interior, a designer must consider a number of things. The designer, whether a professional or nonprofessional, must first determine the purpose of the area, the life style of those who will use it, and the budget available.
Many designers begin by listing all the activities an area might be used for so that the final plan will provide the right atmosphere and the necessary facilities for each activity.
Like the purpose of the interior, the life style of those who use it determine both the mood and the specific items to be included in the design plan.
A budget can help a designer make the best use of the money available for an interior design project. Some people reuse old furniture, carpeting, curtains, or other items in their new design so they can spend more of the design budget on other things. A budget may also be important in making a predesign analysis of the interior architecture. If a large budget is available, the designer may wish to change the size or shape of an area by removing walls or by adding such features as partitions or built-in cabinets.
All the predesign considerations help establish what professional designers refer to as the design concept. The design concept may be the general mood desired for an interior; a design element, such as pattern or texture; or a specific item, such as a favourite piece of furnitute or a painting. By selecting each item for the interior to harmonize with the design concept, the designer can create a unified final plan.
Planning on paper. A floor plan drawn to scale helps designers decide the best way to arrange the furniture in a room. A designer may use a scale of 2 centimetres to represent 1 metre. The plan should show the location and width of the walls, windows, doors, closets, and other built-in features. It should also show the location of heating and cooling units and of electric outlets.
A careful study of the floor plan helps the designers see what areas can be used for furniture arrangements and what areas must be left open. For example, areas next to heating or cooling vents would not be suitable places for heavy furniture, which would block the circulation of air into the room. Doorways should be clear so people can easily move into and out of a room.
Furniture arrangements can be tested by cutting out pieces of paper in the shapes of the pieces of furniture to be used and then shifting them about on the floor plan. The furniture patterns should be drawn to the same scale as the floor plan. Most designers develop two or more room arrangement plans so they can compare the effectiveness of each. A person who intends to purchase new furniture can experiment with arranging a great variety of different furniture shapes. A person who plans to reuse old furniture is more limited in shapes.
A furniture arrangement may help define traffic patterns - the paths people follow into, through, and out of a room.
Do the exercises below.
Exercise 1. Answer the questions below.
1. What must a designer first determine before developing a plan
for an interior?
2. What may the design concept be?
3. How does a floor plan help designers?
4. What scale may a designer use?
5. What should the plan show?
Exercise 2. Complete the sentences from the text.
1. Before developing a plan for an interior, a designer ... . 2. The designer must first determine ... . 3. Many designers begin by .... . 4. Like the purpose of the interior, the life style of those who use it ... . 5. A budget can help a designer make ... . 6. All the predesign consideration help ... . 7. The design concept may be ... . 8. By selecting each item for the interior to harmonize with the design concept, the designer can ... . 9. A floor plan drawn to scale helps ... . 10. A designer may use a scale of ... . 11. The plan should show ... . 12. A careful study of the floor plan helps ... . 13. Furniture arrangements can be tested by ... . 14. The furniture patterns should be drawn to ... . 15. A person who intends to purchase new furniture can ... .
Exercise 3. Find English equivalents of the following words from
the text and memorize them:
бюджет; обладнення; форма; приймати стіни; пeрегородка; концепція; об’єднаний остаточний план; ширина; вентиляційні отвори; вирізати; переміщати.