Unit 3 Parts of the sentence

Learning objectives:

Define subject, predicate, object, attribute, adverbial modifiers, parenthetical enclosure, addressing enclosure, interjectional enclosure

Explain how to parse subject, predicate, object, attribute, adverbial modifiers

Analyze types of the subject, the types of the predicate, the types of the object

Key point:

Subject, its definition, types and its parsing; predicate, its definition, types and its parsing; object, its definition, types and its parsing; attribute, its definition and parsing; different types of adverbial modifiers and their parsing

НАСТЯ

There are 5 traditional parts of the sentence: 2 principal (main) and 3 secondary. The main parts of the sentence are subject and predicate. They express predicativity without which sentence can’t exist. The secondary parts of the sentence are attribute, object, adverbial modifier. They speak about object.

According to Blokh M.Y. the nominative parts of the simple sentence are subject, predicate, adverbial, attribute, object, parenthetical enclosure, addressing enclosure; a special, semi-notional position is occupied by an interjectional enclosure. The parts are arranged hierarchy, wherein all of them perform some modifying role.

The subject is a person-modifier of the predicate. The predicate is a process-modifier of the subject-person. The object is a substance-modifier of a processual part of the whole of the sentence (as expressing an inherent in the reflected event). The attribute is a quality-modifier of a substantive part. The parenthetical enclosure is a detached speaker-bound modifier of any sentence-part or the whole of the sentence. The addressing enclosure (address) is a substantive modifier of the destination of the sentence and hence, from its angle, a modifier of the sentence as a whole. The interjectional enclosure is a speaker-bound emotional modifier of the sentence.

The semantic classification of simple sentences should be effected at least on the three bases: first, on the basis of the subject categorical meanings; the second, on the basis of the predicate categorical meanings; third, on the basis of the subject-object relations.

ДИАНА

The Subject

Reflecting the categories of the subject, simple sentences are divided into personal and impersonal. The further division of the personal sentences is into human and non-human; non-human – into antimate and inantimate. The further essential division of impersonal sentences is into factual (It rains. It’s five o’clock) and perceptional (It smells of hay here).

Personal			Impersonal
human	non-human		factual	perceptional
	antimate	inantimate

The subject can be expressed by:

1. a noun (The steamer has arrived. The meeting is over.)

2. a pronoun (He works at a factory. Someone wants to speak to you.)

3. an infinitive (To swim is pleasant.)

4. a gerund (Smoking is not allowed.)

5. a numeral (Three were absent from the lecture.)

6. any other word or word combination, used in the function of the subject (“Had” is the past tense of the verb “to have”.)

7. an adjective (Dark blue is not your colour.)

The differences in subject categorical meanings are sustained by the obvious differences in subject – predicate combinability.

МАША