4. Выразительные средства (законы) живописи

The expressive means (laws) of painting.

Грунт (левкас) – ground, priming. A colour used as a background or first layer on a painting, drawing, etc.

Импасто - impasto. A way of painting with thick layers of paint.

Колорит – colouring, colour-scheme. A combination of colours used together somewhere.

Композиция – composition. The arrangement of the parts of a work of art so as to form a unified, harmonious whole.

Лессировка – finishing touches. To provide the finished picture with a final polishing or coat of transparent paint.

Мазок – stroke, touch, dash, dab.

Перспектива – perspective. A method of showing distance in a picture by making far away objects smaller.

Пропорция – proportion. The correct, most useful, or most attractive relationship between things.

Ракурс – foreshortening. To represent some lines of an object as shorter than they actually are in order to give the illusion of proper relative size in accordance with the principles of perspective.

Рисунок – drawing.

Светотень – chiaroscuro [kıa:rəsk`juərou], light and shade. The way that light and dark areas create a pattern in drawings and paintings.

Сфумато – sfumato (итал. – «дымка»). The method invented by Leonardo da Vinci. The painting characterized by the lack of any rigidity of contour and the most subtle transitions between tones and shapes.

5. Художественные объединения и школы.

Art Societies and Schools.

Барбизонская школа – Barbizon School: a group of French romantic landscape

painters (Millet, Corot, Rousseau) who settled in Barbizon,

a village in N. France in the mid – 19^th cent.

Бубновый валет – the Jack of Diamonds: a society of Moscow artists (1910-1916).

Members of the society (Konchalovsky, Kuprin, Lentulov,

Mashkov, Falk) combined Cezanne, fauvism, cubism and

Russian lubok in their works.

Венецианская школа – Venetian School: one of the main art school with Venice

as its centre in the period of Renaissance (15^th – 16^th cent.)

and in 18^th cent.; characterized by poetic perception of the

world, man, and nature with special attention to the colour-

scheme of paintings.

Голубая роза – the Blue Rose: a society of Moscow artists (Kuznetsov, Matvejev,

Saryan, Sudejkin, etc.) in 1907. Characteristic features are flat and

stylized form, decorative and symbolic tendencies.

Кукрыниксы – Kukrynicksy: a group of Russian painters and graphics

(Kupriyanov, Krylov, Nick. Sokolov) famous for their satirical

posters, political caricatures which they created together.

Мир искусства – the World of Art: a society of Petersburg artists (1898-1924) to

which belonged Diaghilev, Bakst, Lancere, Somov, Ostroumova-

Lebedeva, etc. Proclaimed ideas of art for art’s sake, symbolism,

and poetics.

Ослиный хвост - the Donkey's Tail: a society of young Russian artists (Larionov,

Goncharova, Malevich, Taflin, etc.) in 1912. Denied traditions of classical art; combined the elements of icon painting, Russian lubok and primitivism in their works; claimed for the freedom of experiments.

Передвижники - Peredvizhniki: the association of movable exhibitions established

in 1870 in Petersburg led by Kramskoy: united young

progressive artists of realistic trend.

Прерафаэлиты - Pre-Raphaelites [ pri:ræfi:ə’laits]: a society of artists led by

Rossetti, Hunt, and Millais, formed in England in 1848 to

encourage painting with the fidelity to nature that they

considered characteristic of Italian art before Raphael.

Синий Всадник – the Blue Rider (нем. Blauer Reiter): a society of expressionist

artists in Munich (1911-1914), to which belonged Mark,

Kandinsky, Klee, etc.