10. Read the description of the situations and answer the questions.

a) Your doctor examined you, did the tests, and recommended a treatment for a medical problem you have. You understand the doctor's instructions but you don't really understand what is wrong with you and what the treatment is all about. Would you ask for an explanation or would you simply trust the doctor's training and experience?

b) Your aunt has been sick for some time and has undergone a lot of tests to find out what is wrong with her. Her doctor sees the test results and feels that the patient has a disease that will probably be fatal. Your aunt is an emotional person and the doctor isn't sure whether to tell her the real diagnosis or simply to treat her symptoms and try to make her comfortable. What would you advise?

11. In the sentences below, fill in the correct participles of the verbs in parentheses.

1. People who constantly complain are very __________ (annoy) to me.

2. Whenever Adrian gets __________ (bore), he goes fishing.

3. The students were __________ (confuse) by the Professor’s lecture.

4. Most of the news on television is __________ (depress).

5. The Ruttles were very ________ (excite) to learn that their concert was

sold out.

6. Babysitting young children can be __________ (exhaust) for many people.

7. Steve was so __________ (fascinate) by the book that he finished it in one

evening.

8. Would you be __________ (frighten) if you saw a vampire?

9. After eating a __________ (satisfy) meal, the cat washed her face.

10. When Dagmar looked in the mirror, she was __________ (surprise) to

see that she had a leaf in her hair.

Test

1. Where does cancer arise from?

a) from the healthy tissue;  b) from the surrounding structures;

c) from the connective tissue; d) from the epithelial cells

2. What plays a major part in the etiology of lung cancer?

a) drinking alcohol; b) exposure to dust;

c) cigarette smoking;        d) inflammatory diseases

3. Among which group of people is lung cancer higher?

a) among Africans; b) among Americans;

c) among Asians; d) among Europeans.

4. Who was the term “cancer” first used by?

a) Gallen; b) Hippocrates;

c) R. Koch d) A. Fleming.

5. What is the most important thing in the prognosis of patients with carcinoma?

a) age of the patient; b) grade of malignancy;

c) geographical factors; d) family history.

Cancer

The problem of cancer is being discussed in innumerable papers from all parts of the world because cancer still continues to be the first among human diseases.

The term “cancer” was first used by Gallen (231-201) a famous Roman physician who had described the disease of a mammary gland under this term. Cancer was mentioned about 3500 years ago in the ancient Egyptian Ebers papyrus. In the era of Greek medicine it was regarded as an unnatural growth caused by black bile, and was called "carcinoma".

Cancer or carcinoma, as it is often called, is a malignant tumour that arises from epithelial cells. A tumour is a mass of new tissue that grows independently from its surrounding structures. A malignant tumour is made up of connective tissue enclosing epithelial cells. Some tumours remain localized, others rapidly invade healthy tissue and metastasize leading to early death. The incidence of carcinomas comprises 90% of all malignant tumours, the rest are sarcomas.

The development of certain types is connected with the so called carcinogenic substances and rays.

It has been proved that cancer may develop due to contact with certain chemical substances, such as aromatic amines, chromic acids, arsenic acids, anilines and others. Cigarette smoking plays a major part in the aetiology of lung cancer. 96 % of patients with lung cancer were heavy cigarette smokers. Certain viruses are also considered to be carcinogenic.

The distribution of various types of cancer vary geographically. The incidence of lung cancer is much higher among Europeans. The incidence of lung cancer is much higher among Europeans. In South Africa 50 % of all types of cancer comprise carcinomas of the liver, while in Europe liver-cell carcinomas comprise only 1 %.The high frequency of liver cancers in certain tropical countries could be related to the incidence of viral diseases of the liver in the same countries. Many investigators suggest that viral hepatitis could represent a precancerous disease.

The age significantly affects the incidence of cancer. Susceptibility of cancer increases with age. The most important thing in prognosis of patients with carcinoma is the grade of malignancy, and therefore, the sooner the diagnosis is made, the better the prognosis. Each type of cancer is curable if it is timely recognized and proper treatment is administered.