- •The english language. Outstanding People in science and technology
- •Содержание
- •Введение
- •1.1 Words and word combination to be remembered:
- •1.2. Read and translate the text:
- •1.3 After you have read
- •I. Choose the right variant:
- •II. Complete these sentences taken from the text:
- •III. Make up 5 general and 5 special questions to the text.
- •V. What information have you learnt from the text? What information was not new for you?
- •VI. Give the summary of the text.
- •2.1. Word and word combinations to be remembered:
- •2.2. Read and translate the text:
- •2.3. After you have read:
- •I. Say what is true and what is false. Correct the false statements:
- •II. Fill in the blanks with words from the text:
- •III. Make up 5 general and 5 special questions to the text.
- •IV. Give the negative and question form of the following sentences:
- •V. What information have you learnt from the text? What information was not new for you?
- •VI. Answer the following questions:
- •VII. Give the summary of the text.
- •3.2. Words and word combinations to be remembered:
- •3.3. Read and translate the text:
- •3.4. After you have read:
- •I. Make up a sentence of two parts:
- •II. Say what is true and what is false. Correct the false statements:
- •III. Give negative and question form of the following sentences:
- •V. What information have you learnt from the text? What information was not new for you?
- •VI. Give the summary of the text.
- •4.2. Words and word combinations to be remembered:
- •4.3. Read and translate the text:
- •4.4. After you have read
- •I. Say what is true and what is false. Correct the false statements:
- •II. Fill in the blanks with words from the text:
- •5.3. Read and translate the text:
- •5.4. After you have read
- •I. Say what is true and what is false. Correct the false statements.
- •II. Complete these sentences taken from the text:
- •IV. What information have you learnt from the text? What information was not new for you?
- •V. Give the summary of the text.
- •6.1. Words and word combinations to be remembered:
- •Read and translate the text:
- •6.3. After you have read:
- •I. Make up a sentence of two parts:
- •II. Complete these sentences taken from the text:
- •III. Fill in the gaps with the necessary prepositions.
- •7.2. Read and translate the text:
- •7.3. After you have read
- •I. Answer the following questions:
- •II. Fill in the blanks with words from the text:
- •III. Put the verb in brackets into the correct form:
- •8.2 Read and translate the text:
- •8.3. After you have read
- •Say what is true and what is false. Correct the false statements:
- •Fill in the blanks with words from the text:
- •III. What information have you learnt from the text? What information was not new for you?
- •IV.Give the summary of the text.
- •9.2. Words and words combinations to be remembered:
- •9.3. Read and translate the text:
- •9.4. After you have read
- •I. Say what is true and what is false. Correct the false statements:
- •II.Fill in the blanks with words from the text:
- •IV. Give the negative and question form of the following sentences:
- •V. What information have you learnt from the text? What information was not new for you?
- •VI.Give the summary of the text.
- •10.2. Words and Word combinations to be remembered:
- •10.2. Read and translate the text:
- •10.3. After you have read
- •Make up a sentence of two parts:
- •II. Fill in the blanks with words from the text:
- •III. Give the negative and question - form of the sentences:
- •IV. Fill in the gaps with the necessary prepositions:
- •V. What information have you learnt from the text?
- •VI.Give the summary of the text.
- •11.1. Words and word combinations to be remembered:
- •11.2. Read and translate the text:
- •11.3. After you have read:
- •I. Say what is true and what is false. Correct the false statements:
- •II. Fill in the blanks with words from the text:
- •III. Put the verb in brackets into the correct form:
- •IV. Make up 5 general and 5 special questions to the text.
- •V. What information have you learnt from the text? What information was not new for you?
- •VI. Give the summary of the text.
- •12.2. Read and translate the text:
- •12.3. After you have read
- •I. Make up a sentence of two parts:
- •Fill in the blanks with words from the text:
- •13.2. Read and translate the text:
- •13.3. After you have read
- •Give the negative and question - form of the sentences:
- •III. Say what is true and what is false. Correct the false statements:
- •IV. Fill in the blanks with words from the text:
- •V. What information have you learnt from the text? What information was not new for you?
- •VI. Give the summary of the text
- •14.2. Words and words combinations to be remembered
- •14.3. Read and translate the text:
- •14.4. After you have read
- •I. Make up a sentence of two parts:
- •II.Fill in the blanks with words from the text:
- •III.Make up 5 general and 5 special questions to the text.
- •IV.Give the negative and question - form of the following sentences:
- •VI. What information have you learnt from the text? What information was not new for you?
- •VII.Give the summary of the text.
- •15.3. Read and translate the text:
- •15.4. After you have read:
- •I. Choose the right variant:
- •II.Make up a sentence of two parts:
- •Тематический справочник
- •Литература
- •The English Language. Outstanding people
- •In Science and Technology
- •302030, Г. Орел, ул. Московская, 65.
10.2. Read and translate the text:
Joseph Monier, born 1823 was a French gardener and one of the principal inventors of reinforced concrete. Joseph was one of ten children born to a family of horticulturists. All hands being needed in the fields, Joseph was not sent to school. By the age of 17 he had proved his worth as a gardener, and the duke offered him a post at his mansion in Paris. Joseph took the opportunity to attend evening classes and learned to read and write.
As a gardener, Monier was not satisfied with the materials available for making flowerpots. He began making cement pots and tubs, but these were not stable enough. In order to strengthen the cement containers, he experimented with embedded iron mesh. He was not the first to experiment with reinforced concrete, but he saw some of the possibilities in the technique, and promoted it extensively.
Monier exhibited his invention at the Paris Exposition of 1867. He obtained his first patent on July 16, 1867, on iron-reinforced troughs for horticulture. He continued to find new uses for the material, and obtained more patents - iron-reinforced cement pipes and basins, iron-reinforced cement panels for building façades, bridges made of iron-reinforced cement, reinforced concrete beams. In 1875 the first iron-reinforced cement bridge ever built was constructed at the Castle of Chazelet. Monier was the designer.
Another application in 1878 covered reinforced concrete railway sleepers. When granted, this became the basis for a series of further additions. It contained a clear statement that the cement protected the iron against rusting.
As municipalities expanded their water supply and sewerage networks, there was a growing need for pipes, but a diminishing need for reservoir tanks. Monier was obliged to go further from urban areas in search of clients. In 1886 he was granted Patent for a system applicable to housing. Monier described the house as proof against earthquakes, ice, humidity, heat, and fire and received a commission to build such a house in Nice, possibly as a result of a recent earthquake. Monier's second son Paul asked to work on this project. On 24 November 1887, Paul was killed when he fell from the scaffolding. As Monier's eldest son, Pierre, had severed his relationship with his father over a family argument, Joseph found himself with no sons of working age to help him in the business.
In June 1888, the firm of J Monier constructeur was declared bankrupt, and in April 1889 went into liquidation. However, in 1890 he formed a new firm.
Monier took out patents in many countries, throughout Europe and overseas. Some of these were registered in the name of the patent agent, in accordance with local law, the British patent of 1883 being in the name of John Imray. Typically, patents were valid for 15 years, but it was necessary to pay a significant yearly fee to maintain them. Monier opted to sell his rights outside France to local businessmen and engineers.
Reinforced concrete is one the most important inventions of the mankind.