Notes. Forms and Patterns.

1. The Simple Past and the Present Perfect

1. We use the Present Perfect:

1. when we are thinking of a period of time that is not finished

(this week/ month/ year, since ....)

e.g.	I’ve changed my job three times this year.

2. when we mean ‘at any time up to now’ (ever, never, before)

e.g.	She has never learnt to drive.

2. We use the Simple Past:

1. when we are thinking of a period of time that is finished

(ago, yesterday, last week/ month/ year etc., then, when)

e.g.	I changed my job last week. She learnt to fly when she was eighteen.

2. Prepositions «since/ for/ ago»

1. We use «since» with the Present Perfect.

e.g.	We haven’t seen John since Saturday.

2. We use «for» with the Present Perfect when the period of time is up to now, and with the Past Simple when the period finished in the past.

e.g.	He has lived in France for two years. (He is still there.) He lived in Spain for two years from 1990 till 1992. (He is no longer there)

(с) We use «ago» with the Past Simple.

e.g.	I’m afraid he left five years ago.

2. Adjectives and adverbs

a) Formation of adverbs:	Adjective	Adverb
	quick beautiful happy true	quickly beautifully happily truly

b) Irregular form:

good

well

c) Some adjectives ending in -ly

A friendly girl. Her songs are lovely. Rain is likely.

She smiled in a firendly way. She sings in a lovely way. It’s probably going to rain.

d) Adjectives and adverbs with the same form:	daily, deep, early, fast, hard, high, late loud low, pretty, straight, etc.
	A daily newspaper. A hard worker. A fast car.	It arrives daily. He works hard. He drives fast.

e) Note the different meaning:

He’s a hard worker. He was late for work. The end was near.

He hardly works. I haven’t seen her lately. He was nearly killed.

f) Adjectives are used instead of adverbs after: feel, look, seem, sound, taste.
	e.g.	That picture looks very nice. I feel thirsty.

Drills

Drill 1.

- do the washing-up Have you done the washing-up yet? - Yes, I’ve just done it.

finish your homework wash your hair clean the car meet the new student make the dinner do the shopping talk to the teacher

buy your plane ticket speak to the bank manager make a cup of tea do your homework read the report call a taxi do the room

Drill 2.

Have you ever been to England? (last year) Yes, I have. I was there last year.

1. Has he seen Maggie and Jane today? (in the morning)

2. Has your cousin returned? (last week)

3. Have you seen that new French film? (last night)

4. Has it rained here lately? (yesterday morning)

5. Has your little brother watched TV this week? (yesterday)

6. Has the concert begun? (ten minutes ago)

7. Has your friend already moved to a new flat? (a month ago)

8. Have you given them my new address? (yesterday)

Drill 3.

I have seen the film before. And Fred? (last night) Fred saw it last night.

1. Kate has been to London this month. And Mary? (last month)

2. They’ve lived in Scotland for five years. And you? (in 1980)

3. I haven’t seen his cousin for ages. And Helen? (last summer)

4. We haven’t got any letters from Bob for a long time. And Ned? (yesterday)

5. Mary has given a talk this term. And Nina? (last term)

6. My nephew has left school this year. And your niece? (last year)

7. Peter has played football all his life. And Tom? (only in his schooldays)

8. My son has graduated from the University this year. And your daughter? (last year).

Drill 4.

Nancy has opened a box. When did she open it?

1. Peter has learned his lessons.

2. Mr Emmons has left the house.

3. She has made a cake.

4. The car has stopped at the edge of the cliff.

5. They have had their coffee.

6. Harold has bought a new flat.

7. The children has built a bonfire in the garden.

8. The class has begun.

9. She has learned a poem.

Drill 5.

I last smoked a cigarette a month ago. (for) You haven’t smoked a cigarette for a month.

1. They last came to see us at Christmas. (since)

2. I last played football ten years ago. (for)

3. He last ate at six o’clock this morning. (since)

4. We last had a holiday three years ago. (for)

5. John last saw Mary on Monday evening. (since)

6. I last had a bath a week ago. (for)

7. It last rained three months ago. (for)

8. I last wrote a letter two weeks ago. (for)

Drill 6.

That’s a beautiful girl. She sings beautifully.

1. That’s a quick answer. He answers _____ .

2. That’s a sweet smile. She smiles _____ .

3. That’s a quiet boy. He speaks _____ .

4. That’s a bad player. He plays _____ .

5. That’s a careful driver. He drives _____ .

6. That’s a slow thinker. He thinks _____ .

7. That’s a perfect pronunciation. She speaks _____ .

8. That’s a good book. She writes _____ .

Drill 7.

Ben is quick. How does he play? He plays quickly.

1. Dolly is quiet. How does she dress?

2. Lorna is angry. How does she speak?

3. Peter is sad. How does he look?

4. They are happy. How do they talk?

5. Peter is quick. How does he stop?

6. They were quiet. How did they speak?

7. Mother was angry. How did she help?