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Гродненский государственный университет им. Я. Купалы
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Notes. Forms and Patterns

  1. «Used to»

  1. «Used to» expresses a past habit or state which does not happen any more.

e.g. He used to smoke, but he never smokes now.

They used to be happy together, but now they fight all the time.

  1. Form:

I, she,

They, etc.

used to

didn’t use to

smoke.

like to cook.

What did you use to do?

Short answer: Did you use to smoke a lot?

  • Yes, I did. / No, I didn’t.

(с) Note the difference between:

  1. He used to smoke a lot.-

Он раньше много курил.

  1. He couldn’t get used to getting up early.-

Он не мог привыкнуть вставать рано.

  1. He used his father’s car yesterday.-

Он пользовался машиной отца вчера.

  1. «Used to» and the Past Simple.

  1. The Past Simple can also express a past habit or state.

e.g. He played football every Sunday when he was a boy.

They were happy together when they were first married.

  1. If the action happened once only, we can’t use «used to»:

e.g. We used to go to France every summer but once we went to Greece.

Last night I drank champagne.

3. Degrees of Comparison.

Comparative degree

Superlative degree

Short adjectives

small

*big

smaller

bigger

the smallest

the biggest

Adjectives that end in -y

funny

heavy

funnier

heavier

the funniest

the heaviest

Adjectives with two syllables or more

careful

expensive

more careful

more expensive

the most careful

the most expensive

Irregular adjectives

good

bad

far

many, much

better

worse

further/farther

more

the best

the worst

the furthest/farthest

the most

  1. Comparisons of equality and non-equality.

David

is

as

old

as

Helen.

isn’t (is not)

so

She

is

more intelligent

younger

than

her brother.

The

better

the clothes

the

more expensive

they are.

  1. Numerals.

A. Cardinal Numbers

Units

Tens

Hundreds

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

one

two

three

four

five

six

seven

eight

nine

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

ten

eleven

twelve

thirteen

fourteen

fifteen

sixteen

seventeen

eighteen

nineteen

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

ten

twenty

thirty

forty

fifty

sixty

seventy

eighty

ninety

100

200

300

1000

2 000

3 000

1 000 000

2 000 000

one (a) hundred

two hundred

three hundred

Thousands

one (a) thousand

two thousand

three thousand

Millions

one (a) million

two million

a)

b)

c)

24

78

745

5003

2400

twenty-four

seventy-eight

seven hundred and forty-five

five thousand and three

two thousand four hundred

B. Ordinal Numbers

General Rule:

cardinal number + th

e.g.

seventh, eleventh

Exceptions: first, second, third

Note:

five

eight

nine

twelve

  • fifth

  • eighth

  • ninth

  • twelfth

twenty

thirty

twenty-one

  • twentieth

  • thirtieth, etc.

  • twenty-first

C.Years

1900

1905

1965

2002

[‘nainti:n ‘hndrid ]

[‘nainti:n ‘ou ‘faiv]

[‘nainti:n ‘siksti ‘faiv]

[‘tu: ‘auznd nd ‘tu:]

1900 год

1905 год

1965 год

2002 год

(тысяча девятисотый год)

(тысяча девятьсот пятый год)

(тысяча девятьсот шестьдесят пятый год)

(две тысячи второй год)

  1. Prepositions of transport.

BY:

air, bicycle, boat. Bus, car, plane, ship, sea, taxi, train, tube

IN:

the (my, your) car, a taxi, a helicopter

ON:

my bicycle, the boat, the bus, the plane, the ship, the train

Note that “on foot” means “walking”

TO GET IN(TO)/OUT OF:

a car, a taxi

TO GET ON/OFF:

a bicycle, a bus or a train

Drills

Drill 1.

I believe William eats too much.

  • He used to, but he doesn’t any more.

  1. I believe Lilian lives in London.

  2. I believe they often watch television.

  3. I believe Bob runs very fast.

  1. I believe your aunt plays the piano.

  2. I believe your nieghbours often quarrel.

  3. I believe Jim gets up early.

Drill 2.

Harold loves Nancy.

  • Well, he used to, but he hates her now.

  1. Richard loves children.

  2. Helen hates cola.

  3. Josephine loves Oswald.

  4. Edward hates Sally.

  1. Anne loves cats.

  2. Philip loves cold water.

  3. Barbara hates you.

Drill 3.

Rod sings well now.

  • Really? He used to sing badly.

  1. Muriel plays well now.

  2. The boys write well now.

  3. Tom fights well now.

  4. Vera hears well now.

  1. The girls dance well now.

  2. Robert types well now.

  3. Stella cooks well now.

Drill 4.

Are you good at English?

  • Well, I used to be, but I’m not now.

  1. Is he a painter?

  2. Are they fat?

  3. Is Daphne interested in boys?

  4. Am I nervous?

  1. Is Joseph strong?

  2. Are they in the workshop?

  3. Are you interested in sports?

Drill 5. I don’t like chocolate now. (when I was a boy)

  • But I used to like chocolate when I was a boy.

  1. We don’t study French any more. (at school)

  2. You don’t play football any more. (when you were younger)

  3. Peter doesn’t work in a bank now. (a few years ago)

  4. They don’t smoke. (when they were at University)

  5. He hasn’t got much money. (when he was a film actor)

  6. She doesn’t like concerts. (when she was here last year)

  7. She is not beautiful. (when she was young)

  8. I don’t get up early. (when I was a schoolboy)

  9. I don’t read much. (when I was at school)

Drill 6. Do you like whisky now?

  • Yes, but I never used to like whisky.

  1. Do they walk to work in the morning now?

  2. Does he smoke heavily now?

  3. Does he tell the truth now?

  4. Does he drive to work now?

  5. Do they spend a lot of time on their homework now?

  6. Does he eat a lot of bananas now?

  7. Do they like to light fireworks now?

  8. Does she like to sit by the window in a train now?

Drill 7.

He drinks beer and whiskey. (lemonade)

  • He never used to. He used to drink lemonade.

  1. Henry drives like maniac. (carefully)

  2. Sophie spends a lot of money on clothes. (very careful with her money)

  3. The children fight a lot these days. (get on well)

  4. I think Kate tells lies. (tell the truth)

  5. Margaret gets up at 11.00. (to be the first one up in the morning)

  6. The tape recorder keeps stopping. (work perfectly)

Drill 8.

My car is fast.

  • I think my car is faster.

  1. My flight is cheap.

  2. My suitcase is heavy.

  3. My coat is dusty.

  4. My room is hot.

  5. My hair is wet.

  1. My window is large.

  2. My guide is nice.

  3. My coach is good.

  4. My food is bad.

Drill 9.

Was it an exciting trip?

  • Yes, it was more exciting than I expected.

  1. Was it a comfortable coach?

  2. Was it an expensive weekend?

  3. Was it an interesting town?

  1. Was it a modern plane?

  2. Was it a dangerous landing?

  3. Was it a difficult problem?

Drill 10.

Is it a good film? (to see)

  • Yes, it’s the best film I’ve ever seen.

  1. Is it a long book? (to read)

  2. Is it a boring book? (to read)

  3. Is it a beautiful painting? (to see)

  4. Is it a good museum? (to visit)

  1. Is it a good ship? (to see)

  2. Is she a beautiful girl? (to meet)

  3. Is he an interesting person? (to meet)

  4. Is it a beautiful country? (to visit)

Drill 11. Your brother is young. (My brother)

  • My brother is younger than yours.

  1. This hat is cheap. (your hat)

  2. Your hair is dark. (your brother’s hair)

  3. His voice is soft. (your voice)

  4. Our flat is small. (my brother’s flat)

  5. English grammar is difficult. (English spelling)

  6. This song is beautiful. (that song)

  7. His poems are popular. (his novels)

  8. Our flat is comfortable. (your flat)

Drill 12.

Are you fast?

Take your choice from here:

  1. No. I’m not as fast as my friends.

  2. Well. I’m as fast as my friend.

  3. Yes. I’m faster than my friends.

  4. Yes. I’m the fastest person.

  1. Are you happy?

  2. Are you nervous?

  3. Are you interested?

  4. Are you kind?

  5. Are you strong?

  1. Are you busy?

  2. Are you romantic?

  3. Are you tall?

  4. Are you careful?

  5. Are you handsome (beautiful)?

Drill 13.

Answer any way you like but use a form of the underlined word in your answer.

  1. Are you nice?

  2. Are you interested in English?

  3. Are you good at English?

  4. Is your best friend romantic?

  5. Is your best friend bad at Mathematics?

  6. Is your best friend tall?

  1. Is this exercise easy?

  2. Is this exercise interesting?

  3. Are you serious?

  4. Are you careful?

  5. Are you happy?

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