Exercise 2. Finish the statement according to the text read.

1. Transportation activities are important for the development of urban areas to international trade and have resulted in growing levels of motorization and congestion. So…

1. they support increasing mobility demands for passengers and freight.

2. the issue of transportation and the environment is paradoxical.

3. the transportation sector is global.

4. the environmental impact of transportation is negative.

2. Transportation activities are a dominant factor behind the emission of most pollutants and thus their impacts on the environment…

1. is generally clear and well understood.

2. often misunderstood and difficult to establish.

3. can be direct, indirect and cumulative.

4. people take into account.

3. Concept of sustainability requires a deep understanding of the influence between the physical environment and transport infrastructures. Thus…

a) the transportation sector is often subsidized by the public sector.

b) the main factors considered in the physical environment are geographical location, topography, geological structure, climate.

c) there is a risk that regulations will not be effectively complied to.

d) the relationships between transport and the environment are multidimensional.

Key words

affect	greenhouse gas
Carbon dioxide	impact (positive, negative)
combustion technology	inland water transport
congestion	locomotive depot (shed)
diesel locomotive	mode of transport
domestic transport	noise exposure
emissions	particulate matter
environmental degradation	pollutant
environmentally sustainable	pollution
exhaust after-treatment	rubble and sleeper impregnation plant
fossil fuel	wagon (car)-repair plant
global scale

Checklist

Assess your progress in this unit. Say which statements are true.

1. I can form comparatives and superlatives.

2. I can compare information to describe graphs.

3. My listening and reading are good enough to understand most of each text in this unit.

4. I can use key words to discuss the environmental impacts of transportation with my colleagues.

Keys. Unit 3

Start up

Ex. 2. Possible answers

climate change, air quality, noise, water quality, soil quality, land take.

Vocabulary

Ex. 1.

1-f; 2-a; 3-b; 4-g; 5-h; 6-e; 7-c; 8-d.

Ex.2.

1-c; 2-b; 3-a; 4-e; 5-f; 6-d; 7-h; 8-j; 9-g; 10-i

Reading

Ex. 5

1)-b; 2)-a; 3)-c; 4)-d; 5)-a; 6)-b; 7)-d; 8)-b.

Ex. 6

1) people	6) a difficult choice
2) influence	7) a dangerous substance
3) worldwide	8) Carbon dioxide production
4) Carbon dioxide	9) air pollution
5) friendly to nature	10) type of transport

Ex. 7.

1) transform the Earth surface	6) diesel emissions
2) in global scale	7) rubble and sleeper impregnation plants
3) greenhouse gases	8) the analysis of air pollution
4) environmentally sustainable	9) inland waterway
5) energy consumed worldwide	10) environmentally sustainable future

Listening

Ex. 3.

Traffic alone produces 10 million tons of CO₂ a year in London, accounting for 20 % of all the Carbone Dioxide immediately in the British capital. London city planners are partnering with Siemens to rise to the challenge of managing massive volumes of traffic and enhancing mobility while minimizing environmental impact. Siemens’ answer is complete mobility and integrated transportation concept that provides highly efficient mobility solutions by elevating and intelligent recombining the specific advantages of rail, bus, car and air travel.

Ex. 4.

4, 2, 3, 6, 1, 5

Language spot

Ex. 1.

1 – fastest; 2 – only; 3 – less; 4 - more efficient; 5 – more; 6 – highest; 7 - most; 8 - more environmentally friendly.

Ex. 2.

less (refer to small differences), more, the most energy efficient, more energy efficient (2), twice as efficient (refer to large differences).