- •Part I. Chemistry of organic compounds text 1. Organic chemistry. Introduction
- •Practise the pronunciation of the words given. Make sure you remember their meanings.
- •Read, translate and define what parts of speech the words, their derivatives and related words belong to. Consult the dictionary, write out the meanings that are new for you and memorize them.
- •Find definition for each of the terms given.
- •Text 2. Organic chemistry. Historical highlights
- •Answer the following questions:
- •Translate the following sentences into Russian.
- •The most important types of industrial production involving the processing and preparation of organic substances are the following:
- •Speak on major trends in Industrial Organic Chemistry.
- •How do you envisage the future of the organic chemistry?
- •Find definition for each of the terms given.
- •Text 3. Butlerov’s theory of the chemical structure of organic compounds. Part I
- •Memorize the following words and word combinations.
- •Practise the pronunciation of the words. Revise their meanings.
- •Read, translate and define what parts of speech the words, their derivatives and related words belong to. Consult the dictionary, write out the meanings that are new for you and memorize them.
- •Discuss the following.
- •Text 4. Butlerov’s theory of the chemical structure of organic compounds. Part II
- •Find the equivalents for the words and word combinations in the left column from the column in the right.
- •Find the pairs of synonyms.
- •Read, translate and define what parts of speech the words, their derivatives and related words belong to. Consult the dictionary, write out the meanings that are new for you.
- •Find the right statement.
- •Translate the following sentences in writing. Make up your own sentences with the parts in italics; use the words from the exercises 1, 2, 3.
- •Look through the text. Find the sentences with the Adverbial Clauses of Condition and analyse them. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •Read the text and answer the following questions.
- •Find suitable definition for each of the terms given.
- •Translate the following sentences into Russian.
- •Make a short report on Butlerov’s theory.
- •Do you think whether it is important for you as a specialist to know Butlerov’s theory? Give your arguments.
- •Choose the Russian equivalents from the right column.
- •Look trough the text and find the corresponding verbs denoting the following physical and chemical processes.
- •Find suitable definition for each of the words given.
- •Read the text and decide if the following statements are true or false.
- •Answer the following questions.
- •Discuss the following with your partner: a) what is a covalent bond; b) what is unsaturation; c) what are conjugated double bonds? text 6. Hydrocarbons
- •Memorize the following words and word combinations.
- •Read the text and answer the questions given.
- •Read the texts below to get more information on hydrocarbons.
- •Look through the text about alkanes again and answer the questions given.
- •Look through the texts about alkenes and alkynes again and answer the questions given.
- •Read the text below and make up questions of your own.
- •Read the text below and give the summary of it.
- •Translate the sentences given.
- •Text 7. Aliphatic and cyclic hydrocarbons
- •Translate the following word combinations.
- •Read the text and answer the questions given.
- •Draw a hierarchical scheme of hydrocarbon compounds classification.
- •Find suitable definition for each of the words given.
- •Translate from Russian into English.
- •Practise the pronunciation of the words. Make sure you remember their meanings.
- •Translate the following words and word combinations into Russian:
- •Choose the proper English equivalents from the right column.
- •Read the text, find the following parts of the sentences and translate them into Russian. Define the grammatical forms of the underlined words.
- •Fill in the gaps with the words given. Be attentive: some words are odd.
- •Say whether the statements below are true or false. Prove your point of view.
- •Answer the questions given.
- •Look through the text and find the following word combinations in it. Translate them into Russian.
- •Translate the following word combinations into English.
- •Answer the following questions.
- •Speak on: a) four methods or forms of chain-growth polymerization; b) polymerization of ethylene; c) step-growth polymerization.
- •Read the text below to get more information on addition polymerization. Addition polymerization
- •Memorize the following words and word combinations.
- •Answer the questions given.
- •Read the text below to get more information on step-growth polymerization. Step-growth polymerization
- •Memorize the following words and word combinations.
- •Give appropriate English equivalents.
- •Answer the questions given.
- •Part II. Petrochemical industry text 1. General properties of petroleum
- •What class of hydrocarbons do the compounds enlisted in the third passage belong to? Use the general molecule formula of this class and define the chemical formulae of them.
- •Speak on the fields of hydrocarbons applications according depending on the number of their carbon atoms.
- •Find the definition for each of the words given.
- •Translate the sentences given.
- •Text 2. The petroleum-chemical industry
- •Look through the text to find the following verbs, translate and memorize them.
- •Find the following words and word combinations, give their Russian equivalents and memorize them.
- •Translate the following sentences with modal verbs.
- •Translate into English.
- •Learn the following dialogue.
- •Look through Text a and Text b and say what they are about.
- •Give titles to both texts. Say what is common for both of them?
- •Give examples of a) specification chemicals; b) performance chemicals.
- •Read Text b and answer the questions.
- •Say a few words about chemical plants.
- •Read Text c and make a short report on oil refining and petrochemical industry.
- •Text 3. Synthetic rubbers
- •Practise the pronunciation of the words given. Make sure you know their meanings.
- •Find the pairs of synonyms.
- •Find the proper definition.
- •Read the text and answer the following questions.
- •Translate into English.
- •Read the following text and put questions to the words in bold type.
- •Learn the following dialogue.
- •Text 4. Polyethylene
- •Look through the text to find the following verbs, give their Russian equivalents.
- •Describe the process of producing high density polyethylene.
- •Fig. 1. Polyethylene production scheme
- •Read text “Polyisoprene” and describe the process of polymerizing isoprene. Polyisoprene
- •F ig. 2. Polyisoprene production scheme text 5. Acetylene
- •Fig. 3. Acetylene production scheme
- •Look through the text and say what is the difference between this text and the previous one.
- •Read the first two paragraphs and say a few words about the burner.
- •Read the following two paragraphs and say what goes on in the flame room.
- •Fig. 4. Acetylene (II) production scheme text 7. Butylene and ethylene (triolefin process)
- •Fig. 5. Ethylene and butylene production scheme text 8. Polyvinylchloride
- •Fig. 6. Ethylene and butylene production scheme
Read the text and decide if the following statements are true or false.
Carbon is excellent at forming unique structures.
Carbon atoms form unstable covalent bonds with one another.
Like inorganic materials organic materials typically melt, boil, sublimate or decompose below 300°C.
Neutral organic compounds are more soluble in water than many inorganic salts.
Solutions are studied by the science of physical chemistry.
Solubility in the different solvents depends upon the solvent type.
Double bonds alternating with single in a chain are called triple bonds.
Answer the following questions.
Why is carbon excellent at forming unique structures?
What do organic compounds typically do below 300°C?
In what connection is the term “carboxylic acid” mentioned in the text?
Do organic compounds dissolve in organic solvents?
What substances are known as pure substances?
What is the difference between neutral organic compounds and many inorganic salts concerning their solubility in water?
Is it possible for organic compounds to form crystals?
What is a unique property of carbon in organic compounds?
When can we say that the conjugated chain is a closed ring?
Discuss the following with your partner: a) what is a covalent bond; b) what is unsaturation; c) what are conjugated double bonds? text 6. Hydrocarbons
In organic chemistry, a hydrocarbon is an organic compound consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon. With relation to chemical terminology, aromatic hydrocarbons (arenes), alkanes, alkenes and alkyne-based compounds composed entirely of carbon or hydrogen are referred to as "pure" hydrocarbons, whereas other hydrocarbons with bonded compounds or impurities of sulphur or nitrogen, are referred to as "impure", and remain erroneously referred to as hydrocarbons.
The classifications for hydrocarbons defined by IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry are as follows:
Saturated hydrocarbons (alkanes) are the most simple of the hydrocarbon species and are composed entirely of single bonds and are saturated with hydrogen; they are the basis of petroleum fuels and are either found as linear or branched species of unlimited number. The general formula for saturated hydrocarbons is CnH2n+2 (assuming non-cyclic structures).
Unsaturated hydrocarbons have one or more double or triple bonds between carbon atoms. Those with one double bond are called alkenes, with the formula CnH2n (assuming non-cyclic structures). Those containing triple bonds are called alkynes, with general formula CnH2n-2.
Cycloalkanes are hydrocarbons containing one or more carbon rings to which hydrogen atoms are attached. The general formula for a saturated hydrocarbon containing one ring is CnH2n
Aromatic hydrocarbons, also known as arenes, are hydrocarbons that have at least one aromatic ring.
Tasks on the text