5. Translate the sentences paying attention to the participles as adverbial modifiers:

1. Subsequent observations showed a high degree of variabi­lity, indicating that the X-ray emission changes considerably throughout the sunspot cycle.

2. The nature of the solar particle radiations needs to be explo­red out to distances of many Earth radii, calling for the use of satellites in eccentric orbits.

3. Ordinary hydrogen has a single proton in its nucleus but its heavy isotope has both a proton and a neutron, making its mass number 2 instead of 1.

4. While working to isolate Polonium, the Curies discovered a second radioactive element, calling it "radium."

5. Certain natural radioactive elements which differ greatly from one another in their radioactive properties were found to be chemically inseparable, suggesting that their external structures are identical though their nuclei differ.

6. The penetration of neutrons through the iron was found to be markedly different, depending whether the iron was magnetized or not.

7. A separate compressor must be inserted in the nuclear reactor in order to circulate the coolant gas, resulting in additional mechanical complexity and further loss of thermal efficiency.

6. Find Participle II in the following sentences and translate them:

1 The performance of this type of propulsion system obtained in the initial investigations showed some advantages as compared with electric rockets.

2. Detailed analysis of data obtained in these ways showed that it is this current which produces the very marked variations over the geomagnetic equator.

3. The standard operating conditions employed included a 50 V potential difference between the anode and cathode in the ion chamber.

4. The results obtained established beyond doubt that the high concentrations of particle radiation exist in these regions.

5. The results obtained showed no evidence of a marked in­crease of intensity of solar radiation.

7. State the functions of Participle I and Participle II:

1. Experiments made with radio waves have shown that the atmosphere conducting layer lies at heights above about 85 km.

2. The principle described above forms the basis of the hydrau­lic press in which pressure created within a liquid by a comparati­vely small force acting on a small piston exerts a much stronger force on another piston of considerably larger diameter.

3. Because all bodies have a constant downward acceleration produced by the pull of gravity, the equations of uniformly acce­lerated motion can be applied to any falling bodies.

5. Such water is about 11 % denser than that formed from ordi­nary hydrogen atoms and oxygen atoms and so is called "heavy water."

6. One can carry out studies of solids with neutrons analogous to those done with X-rays.

7. Rutherford's discovery of nuclear atom, further developed by Bohr, furnished a detailed explanation of the spectrum of the hydrogen atom.

8. The term “cyclotrons” covers cyclotrons of an entirely dif­ferent type from those already described.

9. A force may be defined as the action of one body on another body which changes or tends to change the motion of the body acted on.

10. A detailed discussion of the exact nature of all the funda­mental particles dealt with in physics is unnecessary in this book.

11. In this chapter we shall give some examples of calculations of various types frequently met with in radar.

12. Electrons play an important part in the operation of thermionic valves, including the magnetron and the klystron.

13. This property of the eye, known as "persistence of vision", is utilized in the cinema and in television.

14. The picture we see on the screen really consists of a single spot of light traveling at great speed.

15. Two reflected rays are needed to locate any image formed by a mirror.

16. Some of the video waveforms met with in radar are very different from sine waves, but it is still possible to deal with these waveforms in certain cases on the sine wave basis, by the use of Fourier's theory.

17. We shall not describe the laws of motion in detail here but they enable us to calculate the subsequent movements of objects acted upon by any set of forces.