6. Fill in the blanks with the words given below:

1. Bodies that are not in … often have great capacities for doing work.

(1. power 2. weight 3. motion)

2. In physics the term “work” is defined as a … of force and motion in the direction of force.

(1. sum 2. product 3. division)

3. Pushing something along the floor against friction … doing work.

(1. means 2. defines 3. connects)

4. Bodies in the … of rest often have great capacities for doing work.

(1. sense 2. state 3. force)

5. The kinetic energy of a body is the energy which it … because of its speed.

(1. throws 2. possesses 3. applies)

6. Work and energy are closely …

(1. acted 2. observed 3. connected)

7. The internal energy of a body is … by work and also by heat transfer without work.

(1. used 2. changed 3. travelled)

8. Energy is the law … all natural phenomena.

(1. leading 2. possessing 3. governing)

7. Arrange the following words in pairs of synonyms and translate them:

1. application a) vapour

2. steam b) for instance

3. possess c) force

4. in fact d) use

5. for example e) keep

6. require f) do

7. hold g) really

8. perform h) have

9. power i) way

10. means d) demand

8. Translate the following international words:

distance, lift, act, calculation, mechanics, mechanical, chemistry, chemical, electricity, electrical, energy, turbine, product , produce, operate, operator, idea, object, special.

9. Make up pairs of the following words and translate them:

1) burning a) force

b) energy

c) fuel

2) driving a) weight

b) rest

c) wheel

3) growing a) nature

b) weight

c) example

4) working a) word

b) machine

c) productions

5) changing a) force

b) fact

c) equality

6) mechanical a) meaning

b) energy

c) ground

7) falling a) distance

b) water

c) state

10. Fill in the blanks with the prepositions given below: to, of, at, in, on, with, for, from, by:

1. Great amounts … energy are sent … us … the sun.

2. Part … this energy comes … the sun … the form … light.

3. The energy … light differs … other kinds … energy.

4. Light energy is stored … such fuels as coal, … example.

5. Steam … a steam engine is produced … a boiler.

6. When a weight is lifted … the ground, a definite amount … work is done.

7. A change … a state … rest … a state … motion is connected … the application … force.

8. Physics is taught … all technical colleges.

9. When a weight is lying … the ground, no work is done.

Text 3 b sources of power

Translate the text using a dictionary.

The industrial progress of mankind is based on power: power for industrial plants, machines, heating and lighting systems, transport, communication. In fact, one can hardly find a sphere where power is not required.

At present most of the required power is obtained mainly from two sources. One is from the burning of fossil fuels, i. e. coal, natural gas and oil, for producing heat that will operate internal- and external-combustion engines. Many of these engines will actuate generators which produce electricity. The second way of producing electricity is by means of generators that get their power from steam or water turbines. Electricity so produced then flows through transmission lines to houses, industrial plants, enterprises, etc.

It should be noted, however, that the generation of electricity by these conventional processes is highly uneconomic. Only about 40 per cent of heat in the fuel is converted into electricity. Besides, the world resources of fossil fuels are not everlasting. On the other hand, the power produced by hydroelectric plants, even if increased many times, will be able to provide for only a small fraction of the power required in the near future.

Therefore much effort and thought is being given to other means of generating electricity.

One is the energy of hot waters. Not long ago we began utilizing hot underground water for heating and hot water supply, and in some cases, for the generation of electric power.

Another promising field for the production of electricity is the use of ocean tides. Engineers are engaged in designing tidal power stations of various capacities.

The energy of the Sun, which is being used in various ways, represents a practically unlimited source.

Using atomic fuel for the production of electricity is one of the most promising sources. It is a well-known fact, that one pound of uranium contains as much energy as three million pounds of coal, so cheap power can be provided wherever it is required. However, the efficiency reached in generating power from atomic fuel is not high, namely 40 per cent.

No wonder, therefore, that scientists all over the world are doing their best to find more efficient ways of generating electricity directly from the fuel (without using intermediate cycles). They have already succeeded in developing some processes which are much more efficient, as high as 80 per cent, and in creating a number of devices capable of giving a higher efficiency.

Scientists are hard at work trying to solve all these and many other problems.

Notes:

1. i. e ( лат. id est) = that is – тобто

2. On the one hand; on the other hand – з одного боку; з іншого боку

3. to do one’s best – робити все залежне від себе

4. hard at work – працюють невтомно

Unit 4

Grammar:

1. Perfect Tenses (Active, Passive)

2. Numerals

3. Cleft sentences: it is (was)…that (who)

Reading Exercises

1. Practice reading the two syllable words:

concise, because, conceal, consist, design, translate, pre­cise, upon, pervade, include, belief, become, idea, com­plete, themselves, denote, itself, appear, displace, notation, survive, supply, extreme, permit, consider, involve, effect, subject, attach, transform.

2. Read observing the correct pronunciation of vowels in stressed and unstressed syllables:

language, algebra, alphabet, practical, capable, par­ticular, common, consonant, level, general, even, latter, ex­cept, develop.

3. Read the following many-syllable words:

influence, reasoning, capacity, typical, gradual, even­tual, superscript, century, magnitude, consonant, alphabet, geometry, quantity, difficult, literal, ambiguity, paraphrase, equivalent.

5. Read observing the correct pronunciation of the - ed ending:

abbreviated, illustrated, denoted, designated, calculated, generalized, symbolized, civilized, concealed, enabled, sup­plied, involved, solved, passed, expressed, developed, dis­placed.

6. Read paying attention to the shift of stress in the following numerals:

thirteen — thirteen years thirteen — thirty

fourteen — fourteen languages fourteen — forty

fifteen — fifteen students fifteen — fifty

sixteen — sixteen centuries sixteen — sixty

seventeen — seventeen words seventeen — seventy

eighteen — eighteen sentences eighteen — eighty

nineteen — nineteen countries nineteen — ninety.